Four Dead in Ohio: The Global Legacy of Youth Activism and State Repression

Description

The nine essays in this volume reflect on global student and youth activism 50 years after the National Guard shootings of student activists demonstrating against the wars in Vietnam and Cambodia at Kent State U. in Ohio in 1970. Sociology, political science, history, peace studies, and other scholars from the US, Qatar, South Korea, and South America discuss student and youth movements, including student protests against the apartheid system in South Africa in the 1960s at Michigan State U., mediated youth engagement in online spaces, the creation of a space for youth peace builders on the NYU campus, and why student and youth movements are often portrayed as a violent, harmful, threatening, or negative; the relationship between society, youth, social movements, and state repression in Chile, Iraq, and Ukraine; and the processes of memory and commemoration of the democracy uprising in Gwangju, South Korea, and the Kent State shootings. The volume originated in a conference, "Commemorating Violent Conflict and Building Sustainable Peace," held in October 2019 at Kent State U. Distributed in North America by Turpin Distribution. Annotation ©2021 Ringgold, Inc., Portland, OR (protoview.com) Cover FOUR DEAD IN OHIO RESEARCH IN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS, CONFLICTS AND CHANGE EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD FOUR DEAD IN OHIO: THE GLOBAL LEGACY OF YOUTH ACTIVISM AND STATE REPRESSION Copyright CONTENTS LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS ABOUT THE AUTHORS FOREWORD ACKNOWLEDGMENT Introduction Student and Youth Movements Responses to Repression Memory and Commemoration Notes References I Student and Youth Movements To Thread the Conscience: Michigan State University and the Anti-apartheid Movement Abstract Notes References Fear and Loathing: The Rise of Ephebiphobia and Its Implications for Youth Activism Abstract Defining Terms Nineteenth Century: Young People Become Middle-class Projects Early Twentieth Century: Young People Become Adolescents Early Twentieth Century: Young People Enter Containment Mid-twentieth Century: Young Activists Become Criminals Late Twentieth Century: The War on Drugs Becomes the War on Kids The Persistent Myth of Youth (in) Danger Taking the Oath of the Ephebes: Youth Activism and Questions of Citizenship References Talking with or Talking at Young Activists? Mediated Youth Engagement in Web-accessible Spaces Abstract Deficit Models and Inequality Youth Deficit Model Evidence against the Youth Deficit Model Youth Deficit Model in Offline Activism Has the Deficit Model Leaked Online? Data and Methods Key Measure: Youth Focus and Mediation Additional Measures Findings Discussion and Conclusion Acknowledgments Notes References Peace Fellows: Building and Institutionalizing a Visible Peace Community on Campus Abstract The Institutions behind Peace Fellows Peace Fellows Curriculum Peace Fellows' Assessments Institutionalizing Peace Education and Advocacy at Hofstra and Beyond References II Responses to Repression The Morphology of Repression: Dialectics between Chilean Students and State Force Actions1 Abstract Repression of Protest: Why Do Governments and Police Repress Protests? Methods An Initial Morphology of State Force Action during Student Protests in Chile Repression and Student Protests in Chile Unpacked Final Thoughts Notes References Universities in Post-2003 Iraq: Coalition and Iraqi Responses to Violence and Insecurity Abstract Theoretical Considerations Context of Pre-2003 Iraq Post-2003 Insecurity and Violence Immediate Post-Invasion Environment Insurgencies Sectarian Violence Assassinations of Iraqi Academics Counter-insurgency and Stabilization Iraqi Responses to the Security Dilemma Protection Measures Politicization Ethno-sectarian Re-organization Displacement Conclusion Notes References The Ukrainian Revolution: Repression, Interpretation, and Dissent Abstract State Repression and Social Dissent: Theory Terms and Concepts Revolution Dissent/Resistance Revolutionaries, Activists, and Protesters State Repression Political Violence Support for Political Violence Repression-Dissent Nexus in Ukraine, Winter 2013–2014 Methodology Choosing an Appropriate Statistical Model Qualitative Methodology Sources of Data Data Analysis Interpretation of State Violence Interview Data Conclusion Notes ACKNOWLEDGMENTS References III Memory and Commemoration Remembering Gwangju: Memory Work in the South Korean Democracy Movement, 1980–1987 Abstract Memory Work for Mobilization Data and Methods The Case of South Korea Data Analytic Approach Findings The First Phase (May 1980–March 1982): Picking Up from the Shock The Development of the First Phase Memory Work and Mobilization The Second Phase (March 1982–May 1985): Reinterpretation The Development of the Second Phase Memory Work and Mobilization The Third Phase (May 1985–June 1987): Contention The Development of the Third Phase The Memory Work and Mobilization Discussion and Conclusions Notes References Tent City 1977 and the Kent State Gym Annex Abstract References INDEX