Non-halogenated Flame Retardant Handbook

Description

This book focuses on non-halogenated flame retardants with an emphasis on practical and applied issues, and builds upon the 1st edition, but is not just a re-do/re-edit of 1st edition content.  While non-halogenated flame retardants have not greatly changed since the 1st edition was published in 2014, there have been enough advances and changes to merit a 2nd edition.  The book would include chapters on regulation and drivers for non-halogenated flame retardants, specific chapters on each of the major classes of flame retardants, and would include some newer technologies / niche non-halogenated solutions which are either starting to enter the market (coatings / bio-derived flame retardants) or are at least being studied with enough detail to bring to the attention of the reader.  As with the 1st edition, the 2nd edition still takes a practical approach to addressing the narrow subject of non-halogenated flame retardancy.  This includes more emphasis on flame retardant selection for specific plastics, practical considerations in flame retardant material design, and what the strengths and limits of these various technologies are.  Previous flame retardant material science books have covered non-halogenated flame retardants, but they focus more on how they work rather than how to use them.  This book focuses more on the practical uses, hence the title of the book “Handbook”, which should make it of good use to industrial chemists and material scientists. Cover Half-Title Page Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Contents Preface 1 Regulations and Other Developments/ Trends/Initiatives Driving Non-Halogenated Flame Retardant Use 1.1 Regulatory History of Halogenated vs. Non-Halogenated Flame Retardants 1.2 Regulations of Fire Safety and Flame Retardant Chemicals 1.3 Current Regulations 1.3.1 International – United Nations 1.3.2 United States (Federal vs. State) 1.3.3 Canada 1.3.4 European Union 1.3.5 Asia 1.3.6 China 1.3.7 Japan 1.3.8 Korea 1.3.9 Australia 1.4 Fire Safety and Non-Fire Safety Issues Requiring Non-Halogenated Flame Retardants 1.5 Regulatory Outlook and Future Market Drivers References 2 Phosphorus-Based Flame Retardants 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Main Classes of Phosphorus-Based Flame Retardants 2.3 Red Phosphorus 2.4 Ammonium and Amine Phosphates 2.5 Metal Hypophosphites, Phosphites and Dialkyl Phosphinates 2.6 Aliphatic Phosphates and Phosphonates 2.7 Aromatic Phosphates and Phosphonates 2.8 Aromatic Phosphinates 2.9 Phosphine Oxides 2.10 Phosphazenes 2.11 Environmental Fate and Exposure to Organophosphorus FRs 2.12 Conclusions and Further Trends References 3 Mineral Filler Flame Retardants 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Industrial Importance of Mineral Flame Retardants 3.2.1 Market Share of Mineral FRs 3.2.2 Synthetic Mineral FRs within the Industrial Chemical Process Chain 3.2.3 Natural Mineral FRs 3.3 Overview of Mineral Filler FRs 3.3.1 Mineral Filler Flame Retardants by Chemistry 3.3.2 Classification by Production Process 3.3.2.1 Crushing and Grinding 3.3.2.2 Air Classification 3.3.2.3 Precipitation and Their Synthetic Processes 3.3.2.4 Surface Treatment 3.3.3 Physical Characterisation of Mineral FRs 3.3.3.1 Particle Shape/Morphology/Aspect Ratio 3.3.3.2 Particle Size Distribution 3.3.3.3 Sieve Residue 3.3.3.4 BET Surface Area 3.3.3.5 Oil Absorption 3.3.3.6 pH-Value/Specific Conductivity 3.3.3.7 Bulk Density and Powder Flowability 3.3.3.8 Thermal Stability/Loss on Ignition/Endothermic Heat 3.3.4 General Impact of Mineral FRs on Polymer Material Properties 3.3.4.1 Optical Properties 3.3.4.2 Mechanical Properties 3.3.4.3 Water Uptake and Chemical Resistance 3.3.4.4 Thermal Properties 3.3.4.5 Electrical Properties 3.3.4.6 Rheological Properties 3.4 Working Principle of Hydrated Mineral Flame Retardants 3.4.1 Filler Loading, Flammability and Flame Propagation 3.4.2 Smoke Suppression 3.4.3 Heat Release 3.5 Thermoplastic and Elastomeric Applications 3.5.1 Compounding Technology 3.5.2 Compound Formulation Principals 3.5.3 Wire & Cable 3.5.4 Other Construction Products 3.5.5 Special Applications 3.5.6 Engineering Plastics for E&E Applications 3.6 Reactive Resins/Thermoset Applications 3.6.1 Production Processes for Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite 3.6.1.1 Paste Production 3.6.1.2 Hand Lamination/Hand-Lay-Up 3.6.1.3 SMC and BMC 3.6.1.4 Pultrusion 3.6.1.5 RTM/RIM 3.6.2 Formulation Principles 3.6.3 Public Transport Applications of GFRP 3.6.4 E&E Applications 3.6.5 Construction and Industrial Applications 3.7 Conclusion, Trends and Challenges References 4 Intumescence-Based Flame Retardant 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Fundamentals of Intumescence 4.3 Intumescence on the Market 4.4 Reaction to Fire of Intumescent Materials 4.5 Resistance to Fire of Intumescent Materials 4.6 Conclusion and Future Trends References 5 Nitrogen-Based Flame Retardants 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Main Types of Nitrogen-Based Flame Retardants 5.3 Ammonia-Based Flame Retardants 5.3.1 Ammonium Polyphosphate 5.3.2 Other Ammonia Salts 5.4 Melamine-Based Flame Retardants 5.4.1 Melamine as Flame Retardant 5.4.2 Melamine Salts 5.4.3 Melamine Cyanurate 5.4.4 Melamine Polyphosphate 5.4.5 Melamine Condensates and Its Salts 5.5 Nitrogen-Based Radical Generators 5.6 Phosphazenes, Phospham and Phosphoroxynitride 5.7 Cyanuric-Acid Based Flame Retardants 5.8 Summary and Conclusion References 6 Silicon-Based Flame Retardants 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Basics of Silicon Chemistry 6.3 Industrial Applications of Silicones 6.4 Silicon-Based Materials as Flame Retardant Materials 6.4.1 Inorganic Silicon-Based Flame Retardants 6.4.1.1 Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) (Silica) 6.4.1.2 Wollastonite 6.4.1.3 Magadiite 6.4.1.4 Sepiolite 6.4.1.5 Kaolin 6.4.1.6 Mica 6.4.1.7 Talc 6.4.1.8 Halloysite 6.4.1.9 Layered Silicate Nanocomposites 6.4.1.10 Sodium Silicate 6.4.1.11 Silsesquioxane 6.4.2 Organic Silicone-Based Flame Retardants 6.4.2.1 Polyorganosiloxanes 6.4.2.2 Silanes 6.4.3 Other Silicone-Based Flame Retardants 6.4.4 Silicone/Silica Protective Coatings 6.5 Mode of Actions of Silicone-Based Flame Retardants and Practical Use Considerations 6.5.1 Silicon Dioxide 6.5.2 Silicate-Based Minerals 6.5.3 Silicones 6.6 Future Trends in Silicon-Based Flame Retardants 6.7 Summary and Conclusions References 7 Boron-Based Flame Retardants in Non-Halogen Based Polymers 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Major Functions of Borates in Flame Retardancy 7.3 Major Commercial Boron-Based Flame Retardants and Their Applications 7.4 Properties and Applications of Boron-Base Flame Retardants 7.4.1 Boric Acid [B2O3·3H2O/B(OH)3], Boric Oxide (B2O3) 7.4.2 Alkaline Metal Borate 7.4.2.1 Borax Pentahydrate (Na2O·2B2O3·5H2O), Borax Decahydrate (Na2O·2B2O3·10H2O) 7.4.2.2 Disodium Octaborate Tetrahydrate (Na2O·4B2O3·4H2O) 7.4.3 Alkaline-Earth Metal Borate 7.4.3.1 Calcium Borates (xCaO·yB2O3·zH2O) 7.4.3.2 Magnesium Borate (xMgO·yB2O3·zH2O) 7.4.4 Transition Metal Borates 7.4.4.1.1 Firebrake ZB (2ZnO·3B2O3·3.5H2O) and Firebrake 500 (2ZnO·3B2O3) 7.4.4.1.2 Miscellaneous Metal Borates 7.4.6 Phosphorus-Containing Borates 7.4.6.1 Boron Phosphate (BPO4) 7.4.6.2 Metal Borophosphate 7.4.7 Silicon-Containing Borates 7.4.7.1 Borosilicate Glass and Frits 7.4.8 Carbon-Containing Boron or Borates 7.4.8.1 Graphene (Boron-Doped) 7.4.8.2 Boric Acid Esters [B(OR)3] 7.4.8.3 Boronic Acid [ArB(OH)2] 7.4.8.4 Boron Carbide (B4C) 7.5 Mode of Actions of Boron-Based Flame Retardants 7.6 Conclusions References 8 Non-Halogenated Conformal Flame Retardant Coatings List of Acronyms 8.1 Introduction to Conformal Coatings: The Role of Surface During Combustion 8.2 Fabrics 8.2.1 Natural Fabrics 8.2.2 Synthetic Fabrics and Blends 8.2.3 Process Equipment and Related Patents 8.3 Porous Materials 8.3.1 Open Cell PU Foams 8.3.2 Other Porous Substrates 8.3.3 Process Equipment and Related Patents 8.4 Other Substrates 8.5 Future Trends and Needs References 9 Multicomponent Flame Retardants 9.1 The Need for Multicomponent Flame Retardants 9.2 Concepts 9.3 Combination with Fillers 9.4 Adjuvants 9.5 Synergists 9.6 Combinations of Different Flame Retardants 9.7 Combinations of Different Flame-Retardant Groups in One Flame Retardant 9.8 Conclusion References 10 Other Non-Halogenated Flame Retardants and Future Fire Protection Concepts & Needs 10.1 The Periodic Table of Flame Retardants 10.2 Transition Metal Flame Retardants 10.2.1 Vapor Phase Transition Metal Flame Retardants 10.2.2 Condensed Phase Transition Metal Flame Retardants 10.2.2.1 Metal Oxides 10.2.2.2 Metal Complexes 10.3 Sulfur-Based Flame Retardants 10.4 Carbon-Based Flame Retardants 10.4.1 Cross-Linking Compounds – Alkynes, Deoxybenzoin, Friedel-Crafts, Nitriles, Anhydrides 10.4.1.1 Alkynes 10.4.1.2 Deoxybenzoin 10.4.1.3 Friedel-Crafts 10.4.1.4 Nitriles 10.4.1.5 Anhydrides 10.4.2 Organic Carbonates 10.4.3 Graft Copolymerization 10.4.4 Expandable Graphite 10.5 Bio-Based Materials 10.6 Tin-Based Flame Retardants 10.6.1 Introduction 10.6.2 Zinc Stannates 10.6.3 Halogen-Free Applications 10.6.3.1 Polyolefins 10.6.3.2 Styrenics 10.6.3.3 Engineering Plastics 10.6.3.4 Thermosetting Resins 10.6.3.5 Elastomers 10.6.3.6 Paints and Coatings 10.6.3.7 Textiles 10.6.4 Novel Tin Additives 10.6.4.1 Coated Fillers 10.6.4.2 Tin-Modified Nanoclays 10.6.4.3 Mechanism of Action 10.6.4.4 Summary 10.7 Polymer Nanocomposites 10.8 Engineering Non-Hal FR Solutions 10.8.1 Barrier Fabrics 10.8.2 Coatings 10.8.2.1 Inorganic Coatings 10.8.2.2 IR Reflective Coatings 10.8.2.3 Nanoparticle Coatings 10.8.2.4 Conformal/Integrated Coatings 10.9 Future Directions 10.9.1 Polymeric Flame Retardants and Reactive Flame Retardants 10.9.2 End of Life Considerations For Flame Retardants 10.9.3 New and Growing Fire Risk Scenarios 10.9.4 Experimental Methodology for Flame Retardant Screening References Index EULA