Greek Science of the Hellenistic Era: A Sourcebook

Description

We all want to understand the world around us, and the ancient Greeks were the first to try and do so in a way we can properly call scientific. Their thought and writings laid the essential foundations for the revivals of science in medieval Baghdad and renaissance Europe. Now their work is accessible to all, with this invaluable introduction to c.100 scientific authors active from 320 BCE to 230 CE. The book begins with an outline of a new socio-political model for the development and decline of Greek science, followed by eleven chapters that cover the main disciplines: * the science which the Greeks saw as fundamental - mathematics * astronomy * astrology and geography * mechanics * optics and pneumatics * the non-mathematical sciences of alchemy, biology, medicine and 'psychology'. Each chapter contains an accessible introduction on the origins and development of the topic in question, and all the authors are set in context with brief biographies. GREEK SCIENCE OF THE HELLENISTIC ERA Copyright Contents Contents Preface Acknowledgments Figure and maps credits Timeline of authors excerpted Map 1 Greece and the Aegean region Map 2 The Mediterranean region 1 Introduction 2 Mathematics 2.1 Eukleidês Elements 1. Definitions: in plane geometry Postulates Common notions 1.47: “Pythagoras’ Theorem” 2.11: constructing the proportion used in the Parthenon 3.16: the infinitesimal “horn-angle” between a circle and a tangent line 7. Definitions: in number theory 9.20: prime numbers 9.35: sum of geometric series 10. Definitions: commensurable and incommensurable numbers 10.1: Eudoxos’ approach to the limit bypassing infinitesimals (“exhaustion”) 10.3: greatest common divisor 12.2: “exhaustion” used to determine circular area 12.10: Demokritos’ theorem 2.2 Archimedes of Syracuse Area of the Circle Spirals Definitions 1 Sand-Reckoner 3.1–4: expressing large numbers in base-one-hundred-million Method Praeface: quadrature of the parabola 2.3 Eratosthenes of Kurênê Duplication of the Cube: using a mechanical calculator similar to a slide-rule Epigram: on the same subject 2.4 Apollonios of Pergê Conics 1. Preface Proposition 8: our “parabola” 2.5 Combinatorics (in Plutarch, Dinner-table Talk 8.9) 2.6 Heron of Alexandria Mensurations 1.8: area of triangle 2.7 Menelaus of Alexandria Spherics 1. Definitions 2.8 Nikomachos of Gerasa Introduction to Arithmetic 1.13: sieve of Eratosthene 2.8–10: polygonal numbers 2.9 Ptolemy of Alexandria Syntaxis 1.10.1–10: Trigonometry 2.10 Diophantos of Alexandria Arithmetika 1. Praeface: “Algebra” 1.28: quadratic equations 2.8: x 2 + y 2 = z 2 2.11 Anatolios of Alexandria On the Decade About the monad About the heptad About the decade 3 Astronomy 3.1 Autolukos of Pitanê Moving Sphere 6 Risings and Settings 2.2–4 3.2 Klearchos of Cyprian Soloi (title unknown): “Man in the moon” 3.3 Aristarchos of Samos Sizes and Distances Hypotheses: sun and moon 3.4 Chrusippos of Soloi Providence Book 1: the kosmos periodically is consumed by flame and in a way reborn 3.5 Apollonios of Pergê title unknown): eccentric circular geocentric orbits are equivalent to epicyclic geocentric orbits 3.6 Hegesianax of Alexandria Phainomena: the face in the moon 3.7 Hupsikles of Alexandria Anaphorikos 4.1–4: rising times of zodiac signs 3.8 Hipparchos of Nikaia (various works): length of the year Displacement of the Solsticial and Equinoctial Points: star alignments precession 3.9 Theodosios of Bithunia Spherics 1. Definitions 1.11 1.17 1.20 2.1–2 2.6–7 3.10 Poseidonios of Apamea (title unknown) fr. 131b E–K: origin of comets 3.11 Alexander of Ephesos (title unknown): harmony of the spheres 3.12 Anonymous (traditionally ascribed to Aristotle) Kosmos 2 (392a6–31): aither, star material 3.13 Xenarchos of Kilikian Seleukeia Against the Fifth Element 1–8 3.14 Geminus of Rhodes Phainomena 1.13–17: solstices and equinoxes 5.54–61, 68–69: horizon 3.15 Aristokles of Messênê Philosophy: the Stoic doctrine of universal conflagration 3.16 Apollinarius (of Aizanoi?) (title unknown): length of month 3.17 Plutarch of Chaironeia The Face in the Moon 8 (924d–f): the moon could be “lunar” material in its proper place 25(940a–e): life on the moon? 3.18 Theon of Smurna Mathematics 3.33: a quasi-heliocentric theory 3.19 Ptolemy of Alexandria Syntaxis 7.4 On the method used to record the positions of the fixed stars 7.5 9.2: planetary theory is much more difficult Planetary Hypotheses 1.1.8: model of the sun 1.2.2: arrangement of heavenly bodies 2.3: the stars are divine and self-willed bodies 3.20 Sosigenes the Peripatetic On the Counteracting Spheres: varying distances from us of the planets 4 Astrology 4.1 Berôsos of Babylon Babyloniaka Book 1 (fr. 4): the moon 4.2 Aratos of Soloi Phainomena 19–44: stars and constellations: the Bears 63–70: constellation of Herakles 254–267: constellation of the Pleiades 4.3 Eratosthenes of Kurênê Constellations 12: Leo 43–44: Planets, and the “Milk” 4.4 Petosiris fr. 7: signs from eclipses fr. 10: signs from comets 4.5 Hipparchos of Nikaia Commentary on Aratos’ “Phainomena” 3.5.1–6: rising times of the fixed stars 4.6 Imbrasios of Ephesos Predictions about the Sick 2: lunar effects on illness 13: moon in Water-Pourer 4.7 Dorotheos of Sidon Judgments from the Stars about Nativities 1.1 1.1.9–1.2.2: “upliftings” or “exaltations” and “abasements” or “humiliations” 1.6 The vpower of the seven planets 1.24: fortune and property, horoscopes 2, 3, and 4 4.8 Geminus of Rhodes Phainomena 17.1–25: arguments against astrology: weather signs 4.9 Balbillos Astrologoumena: concerning the length of life from starter and destroyer 4.10 Thessalos of Tralles Remedies Praeface 27–28 Book 1, chapter: Twins: holy vervain Book 2, chapter: Kronos: house-leek 4.11 Pitenius [Hermon’s horoscope]: 31 March 81 4.12 Manethon Apotelesmatika 1(2). 399–445: sun and moon signs 2(3). 399–428: length of life 3(6). 1–34: children 3(6). 738–750: Manethon’s nativity 4.13 Ptolemy of Alexandria Tetrabiblos 1.1–2: how astrology works 2.2: “national” characteristics 3.1: conception and birth as proper moments for a horoscope 4.14 Antigonos of Nikaia [Hadrian’s horoscope: 24 January 76] 4.15 Vettius Valens of Antioch Anthologies 7.6 127–160: common fate of six men in a boat 7.4 11–15: infant death 5 Geography 5.1 Hanno of Carthage Periplous: voyage down the west coast of Africa 5.2 Putheas of Massalia On the Ocean (in Strabo 2.4.1): the island of Thoulê (in Geminus 6.9): “the sun’s bedroom” 5.3 Straton of Lampsakos On Heaven fr. 91W): seas 5.4 Eratosthenes of Kurênê Measurement of the Earth (fr. in Kleomedes 1.10): diameter of the Earth Geography Book 1 (in Strabo 1.3.4): whether the division of land and sea is eternal Book 3 (in Strabo 2.1.22): use of sphragidês in mapping the Earth 5.5 Agatharchides of Knidos On the Red Sea Book 5, fr. 30–34: fisheaters 5.6 Seleukos of Seleukeia (title unknown) (fr. in Strabo 3.5.9): lunar theory of tides 5.7 Polubios of Megalopolis History 2.14.4–12: Italy and the Po valley 5.8 Hipparchos of Nikaia Geography Book 3 (fr. 46–52 D): determining latitude 5.9 Skumnos of Chios Periplous 139–166: south coast of Spain 167–195: south coast of Gaul 5.10 Poseidonios of Apamea On the Ocean (fr. 49c E–K): circumnavigation of Africa (fr. 217 E–K): theory of tides 5.11 Anonymous (traditionally ascribed to Aristotle) Kosmos 3 (392b14–393b23): the Earth’s oceans 5.12 Strabo of Amaseia Geography 4.5.4–5: Ireland and “Thoulê,” islands at the western edge of the world 5.2.7: Corsica and Sardinia 5.13 Anonymous Voyage on the Red Sea 29–30: East coast of Africa 38: the Indus delta 64, 66: China and the ends of the Earth 5.14 Heron of Alexandria Dioptra 35: determining longitude intervals 5.15 Plutarch of Chaironeia The Face in the Moon 26 (941a–c): “Atlantis” 5.16 Marinos of Tyre Geography Book 3: navigation by the stars Book?: the route to China 5.17 Theon of Smurna Mathematics 3.2: sphericity of the Earth 3.3: sphericity of ocean 3.3: heights of mountains 5.18 Arrian of Nikomedia Voyage on the Black Sea 8: Phasis River 21: island of Achilles 5.19 Ptolemy of Alexandria Geography 1.1: introduction; scope of geography 3.2: Corsica 6 Mechanics 6.1 Eukleidês Division of the Scale Praeface: mechanical production of sound 6.2 Epikouros of Samos Letter to Herodotos 38–61 (in part): atomic theory 6.3 Straton of Lampsakos Motion fr.: acceleration 6.4 Chrusippos of Soloi (title unknown) (paraphrase in Ioannes of Stobi, Selections 1.161): “place” vs. “void” (title unknown) (paraphrase in Ioannes of Stobi, Selections 1.166): structure of the kosmos 6.5 Archimedes of Syracuse Plane Equilibrium Postulates Proposition 6: how the balance works 6.6 Philon of Buzantion War-machines Praeface: principles spring catapult repeating catapult 6.7 Biton of Pergamon War-machines 5: scaling ladder 6.8 Hipparchos of Nikaia Bodies Carried Down by Their Weight fr.: acceleration 6.9 Athenaios of Kuzikos Mechanics 11: wall-borer 18–23: “tortoise” 6.10 Apollonios of Kition On Hippokrates’ “Joints” Book 2: spine 6.11 Heron of Alexandria Mechanics 1.20–21: weights 2.1.1: simple machine 2.3: the pulley 3.2.1–2: the crane Automatic Theatre 1.1.1–8 1.2.1–12 1.4.1–13 1.14.1–2 War-machines Praeface: why study artillery Pneumatics 1.43: organ 6.12 Plutarch of Chaironeia Platonic Puzzles 7.5 (1005): projectile motion 6.13 Ailian Commentary on the “Timaios” Book 2: mechanical nature of sound 6.14 Ptolemy of Alexandria Harmonics 1.3.3: pitch of sounds 6.15 Galen of Pergamon Motion (from Alexander of Aphrodisias’ Refutation) (from the same) 7 Optics 7.1 Eukleidês Optics Definitions 1 Nothing that is seen is seen all at once 2 Nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects of equal size 12 Of magnitudes extending forward, those on the right seem inclined toward the left, and those on the left toward the right 16 As the eye approaches objects of unequal size which rise one upon another above the eye, the shorter one appears to gain height, but as the eye recedes the taller one appears to gain 19 To know how great is a given height when the sun is not shining 23 If a sphere is however seen by one eye, always less than a hemisphere is seen, and the part of the sphere that is seen appears as a circumference 51 If, when several objects move at unequal speed, the eye also moves in the same direction, the objects moving with the same speed as the eye will seem to stand still, those moving slower will seem to move in reverse, and those moving faster will seem to move ahead 52 When some objects are moved, and one is obviously not moved, the unmoved object will seem to move backward 54 When objects move at equal speed, the more remote seem to move slower 55 If the eye remains at rest, while things seen are moved, the more remote of the things seen will seem to be left behind 57 When things lie at the same distance and the edges are not in line with the middle, it makes the whole figure sometimes concave, sometimes convex 7.2 Epikouros of Samos Letter to Herodotos 46–48: objects give off emanations Letter to Puthokles 91: “The sun is peculiar in always appearing the same size from any distance” 7.3 Archimedes of Syracuse Sand-Reckoner 1.10–17: the apparent size of the sun 7.4 Diokles Burning-Mirrors 1 Praeface: introduction Prop. 1: construction of a parabolic mirror 7.5 Agatharchides of Knidos On the Red Sea Book 5, fr.107: appearance of the sun 7.6 Poseidonios of Apamea On the Ocean (?) fr. 119 E–K: sunsets 7.7 Heron of Alexandria Mirrors Praeface: nature of vision, and what Heron covers 3–4: reflection at equal angles 7.8 Plutarch of Chaironeia The Face in the Moon 17 (930a–d): apparent exceptions to the equal-angles reflection law 7.9 Ptolemy of Alexandria Optics 2.13–14: color 2.28–31: binocular vision 2.107: after-images 2.133: eyes of a painted face “following” viewer 3.59: illusions in depth-perception 4.109–113: concave mirrors magnify 5.3–6: experiments on angles of refraction 7.10 Galen of Pergamon Opinions of Hippokrates and Plato 7.5: optical pneuma 7.7 8 Hydrostatics and Pneumatics 8.1 Theophrastos of Eresos Winds 1–12: nature and properties of wind 16–17: the sun affects winds 20: temperature dependent on compression and rarefaction of air 22–24: air is not self-moving 26–27: mechanical anti-Aristotelian explanation of winds 35–36: common features of winds 44–46: features of individual winds 8.2 Straton of Lampsakos Void fr. in Heron, Pneumatics): micro-voids 8.3 Archimedes of Syracuse Floating Bodies 1. Postulate 1: essential nature of liquids Proposition 1: spherical surface Proposition 2: liquid in equilibrium has spherical surface Proposition 5: buoyant force in equilibrium Proposition 6: buoyant force out of equilibrium Proposition 7: weight of immersed object 8.4 Philon of Buzantion War-machines: air-spring catapult Pneumatics 1–2: demonstration that air is corporeal 4: demonstrations that water is “attached” to air 6: demonstrating “attachment” of water to air using a siphon 7: the “thermoscope” 8.5 Aristokles Choruses (fr. in Athenaios, Deipnosophists): water organ 8.6 Heron of Alexandria Dioptra 31: flow of a source Pneumatics 1 Preface: why study pneumatics 1.4: constant-flux siphon 1.20: the toilet-bowl or chicken-waterer feedback device 2.11: a cosmological model 8.7 Ptolemy of Alexandria Weights (fr. reported by Simplicius): buoyant force of air? 9 Alchemy 9.1 Theophrastos of Eresos Stones 1–2: properties 16–17:coal 45–46: touchstone 23–24: “emerald” 49: glass 53–54: red ocher 56: making white lead 57: making verdigris 60: quicksilver 65–66: gypsum used to make plaster Odors 8: production of scents 21–23: use of bain-marie in making scents Fire 1: troubling properties of fire 12: paradoxical burning power of fire 17: paradoxical heating power of cold 30–33: varieties of flame 59: extinguishers 9.2 Sotakos Stones (fr. in Apollonios, Marvels 36): asbestos? 9.3 Epikouros of Samos Letter to Herodotos 68–70: nature of “physical attributes” 9.4 Chrusippos of Soloi (title unknown) (paraphrase in Ioannes of Stobi, Selections 1.129–130): “element” defined (title unknown) (paraphrase in Alexander of Aphrodisias, Mixture 3.3): role of pneuma in mixture 9.5 Bolos of Mendes Physical and Mystical Matters 3: the key, revealed in a vision 4: making gold 1: purple-dye (unknown work): mercury vapor 9.6 Poseidonios of Apamea (title unknown) (fr. 235–EK; paraphrase in Strabo 7.5.8): asphalt 9.7 Strabo of Amaseia Geography 16.1.15: asphalt 9.8 Maria the Jewess (title unknown) (p. 171B) theory (p. 182B): copper (pp. 192–193B, 198B): molubdochalk, leaded-copper, black lead (p. 146B): the kêrotakis (p. 236B): the tribikos 9.9 Anaxilaos of Larissa Paignia (fr. in P. Stockholm, 2): to make silver 9.10 Dioskourides of Anazarbos Medical Materials 5.75.5–6: kadmeia 5.76.1–2: “burnt copper” 5.84.3: stibnite Other extensive alchemical passages 9.11 “Isis” To Horus 7: theory 9: whitening metal 11: softening metal 13: gold at last 17: arsenic vapor for silvering 9.12 Kleopatra Chrusopoiia fr.: devices to make gold 9.13 Menelaus of Alexandria Densities 1–2: introduction 4.1: density of compounds 5: the Menelaus equation 9.14 Plutarch of Chaironeia On the Principle of Cold 1 (945f–946a): is “cold” a principle? 15.2 (951c–e): not air but water is cold 19.1 (953d–e): Earth’s core is icy 21.1 (954d–f): coldness of element earth 9.15 Alexander of Aphrodisias On Mixture 12.4: how fire “mixes” with earthy materials 15.3–4: the separation of mixtures is not mechanical but qualitative 9.16 Zosimos of Panopolis On Sulfur (“Divine”) Water (pp. 138–139B): sublimation of arsenic (unknown section) (pp. 129, 202–203B): imparting metallicity (unknown section) (p. 208B): order of transformations Final Account 1 (pp. 209, 239–240B): Egyptian wisdom (unknown section): yeast in baking 9.17 The Leyden Papyrus “X” 3 Purifying tin for mixing with asemos (“uncoined,” i.e., silver) 6 Doubling of asemos 25 Purifying silver: cupellation 31 Recognizing whether tin is adulterated 35 Manufacture of asemos that is black like obsidian: Egyptian niello 37 For giving to copper objects the appearance of gold 55 Another preparation of gold 9.18 The Stockholm Papyrus 43 (= 88) Preparation of smaragdos 61 Another recipe for whitening pearls 74 Preparation of verdigris for smaragdos from solid Cyprian copper 109 Collection of woad 110 Woad dye 118 Another recipe for purple 135 (= 155) Another recipe for purple 10 Biology: Botany and Zoology 10.1 Theophrastos of Eresos Plant Researches 1.3.1: categories 2.1.1–2: how plants start to grow 4.4.8: cotton 4.7.7 4.6.1–4: maritime plants 6.3.1–3: silphion Plant Etiology 1.5: spontaneous generation 2.4.4–5: soil types 2.13.1–2: effects of locale 3.2.6: best time to plant 3.6.1: fertilizer 3.18.1: plant gender 5.17.1: girdling On Fire 60: the peculiar powers of the salamander 10.2 Bolos of Mendes Farming (fr. 81): bovine apifaction 10.3 Agatharchides of Knidos On the Red Sea Book 5: fr.72: the rhinoceros and its battles with elephants fr.77: carnivorous bulls fr.99: fragrant plants in Saba fr.110: the sea fan 10.4 Nikandros of Kolophon Theriaka 157–189: asp 715–737: deadly spiders 10.5 Leonidas of Buzantion Fishing (fr. in Ailian, Animals’ Characters 2.6): dolphins 10.6 Poseidonios of Apamea (title unknown) (fr. 241E–K from Strabo 3.5.10): unusual trees (title unknown) (fr. 245E–K from Strabo 17.3.4): apes resemble people 10.7 Damostratos Fishing (fr. in Ailian, Animals’ Characters 13.21): a “real” triton (fr. in Ailian, Animals’ Characters 15.9): the fifteen-foot long “crane-fish” 10.8 Strabo of Amaseia Geography 15.1.21: amazing trees in India 10.9 Alexander of Mundos Animals Book 2 (fr. in Athenaios, Deipnosophists 9): quail Book ? (fr. in Athenaios, Deipnosophists 5): the “gorgon” (possibly the gnu) 10.10 Philon of Alexandria Animals 20–21: intelligence of bees 92: Philon’s “refutation” 10.11 Dioskourides of Anazarbos Medical Materials 1.8.1–2: Keltic nard 1.77.1: cedar 2.106.1–2: “Egyptian bean” 2.159.1–2: pepper tree 3.5.1: “Sweet-root”: licorice 3.148: Cannabis 3.149: Wild cannabis 4.20.1: Sword-plant 10.12 Plutarch of Chaironeia Natural Questions 26 (918b–e): animal instinct Animals’ Cleverness 10.3 (966e–7a): spiders’ webs, and thirsty animals 13.1 (968f–9a): reconnoitering foxes 16.1 (971a–d): a clever mule 17.1 (972b): smart elephants 30.2 (980b–c): sponges 10.13 Dionusios of Philadelphia Birds 1.6: falcons and hawks 1.32: phoinix 2.1: introduction water fowl 2.7: pelican 10.14 Arrian of Nikomedia Hunting 4–5: good dogs, and the best of the dogs 7: dogs’ character 16: hares worth hunting 10.15 Ailian Animals’ Characters 2.16: Skuthian elk? 2.17: remora 2.19: bear 3.16: partridge 3.41: rhinoceros? 9.24: angler fish 16.2: marvelous birds of India 10.16 Oppian of Anazarbos Fishing 5.62–108: “guide fish” 10.17 Anonymous of Apamea (attributed to Oppian) Hunting 3.20–62: lions 11 Medicine 11.1 Theophrastos of Eresos Plant Etiology 6.13.1–4: medicinal plants Plant Researches 9.8.2–8: collecting botanicals 9.16.4–5: wolf ’s bane 9.17.1–2: acquired resistance to drugs 11.2 Praxagoras of Kos Anatomy (fr. 10S): anatomy of the mouth Associated Symptoms Book 2 (fr. 90S): diarrhea (title unknown) (fr. 22–25S): humours (fr. 27S): the pulse (fr. 64S): causes of diseases 11.3 Herophilos of Chalkedon Anatomy Book 2? (fr. 60vS): an accurate description of the human liver Book 3 (at outset; fr. 61vS): ovaries Eyes (fr. 260vS): drug to improve vision Midwifery (fr. 193vS, paraphrased): uterus (fr. 196vS): difficult labor Pulses (fr. 177vS, paraphrased): rhythms of pulses (title unknown) (fr. 259vS): ointment for the anus 11.4 Erasistratos of Keos Fevers Book 1: inflamed wounds Book 1: heart as pump General Principles Book 2: blood vessels Paralysis Book 2: nature of scientific research (title unknown): brain (title unknown): animals give off emanations (title unknown): “do not feed a fever!” 11.5 Andreas perhaps of Karustos fr. 45vS): morays Casket? (fr. 31vS): cream for running sores, and slow-healing or bloody wounds, to prevent inflammation (fr. 32vS): “rose-compound,” good for great pain, fluxes great and small, blisters, and prolapses (title unknown) (fr. 41vS): hair loss 11.6 Glaukias of Taras [bandages] 11.7 Agatharchides of Knidos On the Red Sea (fr. in Plutarch, Table-Talk 8.9 [733bc]) 11.8 Demetrios of Bithunian Apamea (fr. 19vS; Soranos 3.19): inflammation of the uterus (fr. 17vS; Soranos 3.43): uterine flux 11.9 Nikandros of Kolophon Alexipharmaka 186–206: hemlock and remedy Theriaka 921–933: snakebite remedies 11.10 Asklepiades of Bithunia 1: corpuscles 2: fevers 3: assimilation of food 4: bladder 5: pneuma 6: lung 11.11 Herakleides of Taras Exterior Therapy: reduction of dislocation of the thigh 11.12 Apollonios Mus Perfumes and Unguents (fr. 8vS): good and better supplies Ready Remedies Book 1 (fr. 11vS): for dandruff Book ? (fr. 14vS): for hangover 11.13 Dioskourides of Anazarbos Medical Materials Preface. 5–9: collecting and storing botanicals 1.30.1–4 Olive oil 1.78 Laurel 1.113 Cherries 2.82.1–4 Honey 11.14 Aretaios of Kappadokia Acute and Chronic Diseases 2.1: respiration 3.1.1–2: treatment of chronic diseases 4.5.1–2: gonorrhea 4.12.1–11: arthritis 11.15 Xenokrates of Aphrodisias Food from Aquatics 1.1–3: edibility of fishes 11.16 Plutarch of Chaironeia Table-Talk 8.9.1–5 (731–734): do new diseases arise, and how? 11.17 Rufus of Ephesos Kidney and Bladder Diseases 3.11–12: stones 3.30–32: regimen to prevent stones 9.7–12: surgical treatment 11.18 Soranos of Ephesos Gynecology 1.7–13: uterus 1.36: best time for conception 1.39–41: shaping the fetu 1.60–62: contraception and abortion 11.19 Galen of Pergamon Sects 1–3, 6: “schools” of medicine Anatomical Procedures 1.2: observation and dissection 7.15: vivisection of the heart 7.16: experiment to show arteries contain blood Preserving Health 1.6.1–12: health is a balance Advice for an Epileptic Boy 2, 4: diet to prevent seizures Anatomy of Nerves 1, 10 Venesection 5: benefits of blood-letting 11.20 Philoumenos of Alexandria Venomous Animals 17: echidna or viper 20: dipsas: “thirst-inducer” 22–23: ammodutes “sand-burrower” and sêps “putrefier” 12 “Psychology” 12.1 Theophrastos of Eresos On the Senses 1: basic theory of perception 49–58: Demokritos on vision, hearing and thought Plant Etiology 6.1.1–3: flavors On Odors 64–68: sensing smells 12.2 Epikouros of Samos Letter to Herodotos 49–53: theories of sense perception 12.3 Straton of Lampsakos (unknown work) fr. 111W): origin of sensation in the hegemonikon 12.4 Herophilos of Chalkedon (fr. 137, paraphrased): hegemonikon (fr. 226, paraphrased): dreams 12.5 Chrusippos of Soloi On the Soul: arguing that the soul resides in the heart 12.6 Melampous Divination from Birthmarks (entire) 12.7 Ptolemaïs of Kurênê Introduction (fr. in Porphurios): the scale (fr. in Porphurios): perception of sounds 12.8 Thrasullos perhaps of Mendê Music fr.: note is a pitch of an attuned sound 12.9 Aretaios of Kappadokia Acute and Chronic Diseases 3.4.1–3: epilepsy 3.5.4–7: melancholê 3.6.6: a mad carpenter 12.10 Antonius Polemon of Laodikaia Physiognomics 26 The nose 27 The forehead and brow 36 The color of the whole body 12.11 Artemidoros of Ephesos Dreams 1.1–2: oneiros vs. enhupnion 1.64: bathing dreams 1.79: dreams about one’s mother 2.68: flying dreams 12.12 Aelius Aristides Sacred Tales 3.21–22: dream about healing 12.13 Ptolemy of Alexandria Harmonics 1.1: reason aids the senses in making distinctions 3.3: the power of harmonia 3.5: three primary parts of the soul 12.14 Galen of Pergamon Soul’s Dependence on Body 3, 5, 8, 11: effects on soul from body Differential Diagnosis of Symptoms 3: damage to the hegemonikon Bibliography Sources of translations quoted Texts newly translated Works cited Select further reading Indexes Index of terms Index of all metals, plants, stones, animals Index of people (not including extracted authors) Index of places Concordance of passages cited (not excerpted)