Bulk Collection: Systematic Government Access To Private-Sector Data

Description

In June 2013, Edward Snowden revealed a secret US government program that collected records on every phone call made in the country. Further disclosures followed, detailing mass surveillance by the UK as well. Journalists and policymakers soon began discussing large-scale programs in other countries. Over two years before the Snowden leaks began, Cate and Dempsey had started researching systematic collection. Leading an initiative sponsored by The Privacy Projects, they commissioned a series of country reports, asking national experts to uncover what they could about government demands that telecommunications providers and other private-sector companies disclose information about their customers in bulk. Their initial research found disturbing indications of systematic access in countries around the world. These programs, often undertaken in the name of national security, were cloaked in secrecy and largely immune from oversight, posing serious threats to personal privacy. After the Snowden leaks, the project morphed into something more ambitious: an effort to explore what should be the rules for government access to data and how companies should respond to those demands within the framework of corporate responsibility. This volume concludes the nearly six-year project. It assembles 12 country reports, updated to reflect recent developments. One chapter presents both descriptive and normative frameworks for analyzing national surveillance laws. Others examine international law, human rights law, and oversight mechanisms. Still others explore the concept of accountability and the role of encryption in shaping the surveillance debate. In their conclusion, Cate and Dempsey offer recommendations for both government and industry. Cover......Page 1 Bulk Collection......Page 4 Copyright......Page 5 Dedication......Page 6 Contents......Page 8 Acknowledgments......Page 12 List of Contributors......Page 14 Glossary of Acronyms and Abbreviations......Page 22 Introduction and Background......Page 26 Part one Country Reports......Page 36 Overview......Page 38 1. Systematic Government Access to Private-​Sector Data: A Comparative Analysis......Page 40 Europe and the Middle East......Page 82 2. Systematic Government Access to Private-​Sector Data in France......Page 84 3. Systematic Government Access to Private-​Sector Data in Germany......Page 96 4. Systematic Government Access to Private-​Sector Data in Israel: Balancing Security Needs with Democratic Accountability......Page 126 5. Systematic Government Access to Private-​Sector Data in Italy......Page 146 The Americas......Page 162 6. Systematic Government Access to Private-​Sector Data in Brazil......Page 164 7. Systematic Government Access to Private-​Sector Data in Canada......Page 182 8. Systematic Government Access to Private-​Sector Data in the United States I......Page 208 9. Systematic Government Access to Private-​Sector Data in the United States II: The US Supreme Court and Information Privacy......Page 228 Asia and the Pacific......Page 254 10. Systematic Government Access to Private-​Sector Data in Australia......Page 256 11. Systematic Government Access to Private-​Sector Data in China......Page 276 12. Systematic Government Access to Private-​Sector Data in India......Page 294 13. Systematic Government Access to Private-​Sector Data in Japan......Page 310 14. Systematic Government Access to Private-​Sector Data in the Republic of Korea......Page 322 Part two Governance and Oversight......Page 340 15. Organizational Accountability, Government Use of Private-​Sector Data, National Security, and Individual Privacy......Page 342 16. Surveillance and Privacy Protection in Latin America: Examples, Principles, and Suggestions......Page 360 17. Trust but Verify: The Importance of Oversight and Transparency in the Pursuit of Public Safety and National Security......Page 378 18. Regulating Foreign Surveillance through International Law......Page 384 19. Preventing the Police State: International Human Rights Laws Concerning Systematic Government Access to Communications Held or Transmitted by the Private Sector......Page 390 20. Standards for Independent Oversight: The European Perspective......Page 416 21. Stakeholders in Reform of the Global System for Mutual Legal Assistance......Page 430 22. From Real-​Time Intercepts to Stored Records: Why Encryption Drives the Government to Seek Access to the Cloud......Page 444 Part three Conclusion......Page 456 23. Recommendations for Government and Industry......Page 458 Part four Appendices—Project Workshops: Participants......Page 468 Washington, April 3, 2012......Page 470 London, June 3, 2013......Page 472 Brussels, November 12, 2013......Page 474 Montreal, May 9, 2014......Page 477 London, May 30, 2014......Page 479 London, March 1–​2, 2016......Page 481 Index......Page 484