Clay Minerals: Properties, Occurrence, and Uses

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Contents Preface Chapter 1 Imparting Functionality to Clays by Manipulating the Interlayer Chemistry Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Importance of Clay 3. Phyllosilicates-Alumino-Silicates - Layered Structure - 1:1 and 2:1 Layer Clays 4. Origin of Layer Charge and Chemical Composition of Some Representative Natural Clays 5. Structure and Surface Chemistry of Clays 5.1. Kaolinite 5.2. Montmorillonite 5.3. Layered Double Hydroxide 6. Interlayer Modification Based on Layer Charge Surface Chemistry 6.1. Kaolinite and Halloysite 6.2. Montmorillonite 6.3. Layered Double Hydroxide 7. Imparting Functionality to Clays 7.1. Intercalation of Small Functional Molecules into Clay Photostability of Intercalated Dye 7.2. Intercalation of Functional Macromolecules into Clay Conclusion References Chapter 2 Effect of TMAOH on Synthesis of Zeolite LTA from Metakaolin Using Conventional Hydrothermal and Alkaline Fusion Methods Abstract Introduction Methods Materials Synthesis and Characterization Methods of Zeolite LTA Conventional Hydrothermal Synthesis of Zeolite LTA Alkaline Fusion Prior to Hydrothermal Synthesis of Zeolite LTA Results and Discussion Dehydroxylation of Kaolin Effect of Conventional Hydrothermal Synthesis and Alkaline Fusion Prior to Hydrothermal Synthesis towards the Crystallization of Zeolite LTA Effect of Different Concentration of TMAOH towards the Crystallization of Zeolite LTA Conclusion References Chapter 3 Study on Rheological Properties of Kaolin and Bentonite Slurry Solutions Abstract Introduction Material and Method Sample Preparation Rheological Measurements Error Analysis Result and Discussion Effect of Solid Concentration on the Rheology of Kaolin-Bentonite Slurry Mixture Effect of Temperature on the Rheology of Kaolin-Bentonite Slurry Mixture Effect of pH on the Rheology of Kaolin-Bentonite Slurry Mixture Error Analysis Conclusion Acknowledgment References Chapter 4 Cordierite Ceramics: Clay Minerals Precursors and Nanocomposite Applications Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Clays, Clay Minerals and Ceramic Materials 2.1. Clays 2.2. Clay Minerals 2.2.1. Kaolinites 2.2.2. Smectites 2.2.3. Vermiculites 2.2.4. Talc 2.3. Ceramic Material 3. Cordierite Ceramics 3.1. Cordierite Minerals 3.2. Clay Mineral Mixtures of Cordierite Composition 3.2.1. Cordierite Basic Clay Mixtures and Vermiculite 3.2.1.1. Cordierite Mixtures with Different Commercial Vermiculites 3.2.1.2. Clay Mineral Mixtures with Modified Vermiculite 3.2.2. Preceramic Mixture with Polymers 4. Cordierite Ceramics Composites 4.1. Ceramic Matrix Composites 4.2. Cordierite Substrate for Functional Layers 4.3. Glass/Ceramic Composites Conclusion Acknowlegments References Chapter 5 Clay-Semiconductor Nanocomposites for Photocatalytic Applications Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Classification of Clay-Semiconductor Nanocomposite (CSNc) 2.1. Pillared Clay 2.1.1. Metal-Oxide-CSNc 2.1.2. Chalcogenides-CSNc 2.1.3. Other Semiconductors in CSNc 2.2. Non-Pillared Clays 2.2.1. Metal-Oxide-CSNc 2.2.2. Modified Metal-Oxide-CSNc 2.2.3. Metal-Chalcogenide-CSNc 2.2.4. Other Semiconductors CSNc 3. Synthesis Techniques 3.1. TiO2-CSNc 3.1.1. Sol-Gel Method with Organic Precursors 3.1.2. Inorganic Precursor 3.1.3. Mechanical Methods 3.2. Chalcogenide CSNc 3.3. Metal Halide-CSNc 4. Treatment for Property Enhancement 4.1. Drying Technique 4.2. Heat Treatment 4.2.1. Effect on Surface Area 4.2.2. Effect of Particle Size 4.2.3. Effect of Crystalline Phase 4.3. Effect of pH 4.4. Effect of TiO2 Loading 4.5. Hydrophobicity 4.6. Nanoparticle Conjugation 5. Characterization of CSNc 5.1. Powdered X-Ray Diffractometric Analysis 5.2. Surface Area Analysis 5.3. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy 5.4. Microscopy 5.5. Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) 5.6. UV-Visible Spectroscopy 6. Photocatalytic Performances 6.1. Photodegradation Organic Pollutants in Liquid 6.1.1. Heavy Metals Removal from Liquid Stream 6.2. Photodegradation of Gaseous Pollutant 6.2.1. Photodegradation of VOCs 6.2.2. Photo-Oxidation of NOx 6.2.3. Photoreduction of CO2 6.3. Hydrogen Generation 6.4. Fine Chemicals Synthesis Conclusion References Chapter 6 Removal of Nitrate from Water Using Clay and Clay Minerals Abstract Introduction Clay and Clay Mineral Based Adsorbents for Nitrate Removal Effect of Various Physicochemical Process Parameters on Nitrate Removal Effect of Adsorption Parameters Contact Time pH Adsorbent Dose Initial Nitrate Concentration Co-Existing Ions Removal Mechanism Kinetics and Adsorption Isotherms Adsorption Isotherms Langmuir Isotherm Freundlich Isotherm Kinetics of Adsorption Pseudo-Firstorder Pseudo-Second Order Performance Comparision of Clay and Clay Minerals with Other Low Cost Adsorbents Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 7 Adsorptive Removal of Methylene Blue (MB) Dye at Kaolin Clay-Water Interface: Kinetics, Isotherm Modelling and Process Design Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Adsorbent 2.2. Physical and Chemical Characterization of Kaolin Clay 2.3. Adsorbate and Other Chemicals 2.4. Batch Adsorption Experimental Procedure 2.5. Isotherm Experiment 3. Theory 3.1. Lagergren Pseudo-First-Order and Pseudo-Second-Order Adsorption Kinetic Models 3.2. Intra-Particle Diffusion Model for Adsorption Mechanism 3.3. Langmuir and Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm Models 3.4. Thermodynamic Study 4. Results and Discussion 4.1. Characterization of Kaolin Clay 4.2. Effect of Physicochemical Process Parameters on MB Dye Adsorption 4.2.1. Effect of Kaolin Dosage on MB Dye Adsorption 4.2.2. Effect of Initial Solution pH on MB Dye Adsorption 4.2.3. Effect of Initial MB Dye Concentration and Contact Time on Adsorption Kinetics 4.2.4. Effect of Solution Temperature and Thermodynamics Studies 4.3. Adsorption Kinetics and Mechanism of Adsorption 4.3.1. Pseudo Firstya Order and Pseudo Second Order Kinetic Models 4.3.2. Intra Particles Diffusion Model and Mechanisms 4.4. Adsorption Equilibrium Isotherm 4.5. Single Stage Batch Adsorption Design Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 8 Use of Metakaolin as a Supplementary Cementitous Material in Concrete Abstract Introduction Properties of Metakaolin Fresh Properties of Concrete Containing Metakaolin Setting Time Hydration Mechanisms Heat of Hydration Workability Hardened Properties of Concrete Containing Metakaolin Compressive Strength Drying Shrinkage Modulus of Elasticity Transport Properties Durability Properties of Concrete Containing Metakaolin Alkali-Aggregate Reaction Carbonation Sulphate Attack Cholride Ingress Acid Attack Conclusion References About the Editor Index