Transformations of Identity and Society in Anglo‑Saxon Essex

Description

Cover Table of Contents Abbreviations 1. Introduction Topographical background of the Essex region The research context Group identity Trade, exchange, and networks Social complexity Previous literature on Anglo-Saxon Essex/previous work in the region Sources of evidence Dress accessories Pottery Coinage The quality of the evidence and limits of inference from excavated and unstratified data How this book is structured The major themes and findings 2. c.400-c.650 Dress accessories, c.400-c.650 Dress and identity in the fifth century Dress and identity in the early fifth century Late Roman military belt fittings Fifth-century continental imported brooches Dress accessories with Quoit Brooch Style decoration Roman fashion Patterns of dress and fashion, c.450-600 Beads Metal dress accessories, c.450-c.600 ‘Saxon’ dress among the ‘East Saxons’ ‘Anglian’ dress Other influences on regional fashion Francia Kent Changes in costume, c.600-50: Kentish affiliation and the ‘Final Phase’ Conclusions A new picture of early medieval dress use in Essex Coinage use in fifth- and sixth-century Anglo-Saxon Essex The earliest evidence of coinage use Byzantine coins Reuse of Roman coins Coinage in Essex, c.500-c.675 Tremisses and solidi Shillings Conclusions Pottery use in fifth- and sixth-century Essex Handmade local pottery Fabric, chronology, and distribution Form Origins Imported French pottery Summary Discussion Dress and identity in Essex, c.400-600 Results from the study of early dress in Essex The wider context of the construction of ‘Anglo-Saxon’ costume in the formation of Anglo-Saxon society in Essex A middle-way interpretation Early exchange systems evidenced by the use of material culture, c.400-600 Fifth- to mid-seventh-century coastal exchange Early exchange and the expression of elite status Summary 3. c.650-c.800 Coinage c.650-c.800 Silver deniers English pale-gold coinage Coinage in Essex, c.675-c.760 Primary- and intermediate-phase sceattas, c.675-c.710 Secondary-phase sceattas, c.710-c.760 Coinage from Essex Series B Series S Coinage from Kent Series A Series C Kentish secondary-phase sceattas Coinage from London East Anglian coinage Mercian coinage Northumbrian coinage West Saxon coinage Continental sceattas Frisian Danish ?French (Quentovic) Coinage in Essex, c.760-c.850 Northumbrian stycas English broad-flan pennies Mercian coinage: Offa Conclusions Pottery The local-pottery background Imported pottery Ipswich ware Rhenish wares French wares Conclusions Dress accessories, c.650-c.800 Dress and the reflection of maritime identities Conclusions Discussion The end of regional styles and its implications An alternative explanation Contemporary landing places and sites of exchange in Essex Tilbury Barking North-west Essex Lashley Wood/Green Canvey Island/Benfleet Creek ?Goldhanger Creek Great Bromley Bradwell Fingringhoe Little Oakley, Great Oakley, and the Harwich area Summary and conclusions The expansion of the coastal network in the seventh and eighth centuries The evidence and conclusions from the present study Exchange hubs and the relationship between town and country Conclusions 4. c.800-1066 Dress in Essex, c.800-1066 Disc brooches (ninth to eleventh centuries) Strap-ends and the adoption of new art styles (ninth to eleventh centuries) Lobed disc brooches (eleventh century) Scandinavian cultural affiliations The first phase of Scandinavian rule, c.877-917 The second phase of Scandinavian rule, c.1016-42 Summary Coinage c.800-1066 Coinage c.800-50 Mercian coinage after Offa, 796-c.850 West Saxon coinage, c.800-50 Coinage in Essex, c.850-973 West Saxon and Danelaw coinage, c.850-c.920 Coinage in Essex, c.920-73 Coinage in Essex, c.973-1066 Summary Pottery, c.800-1066 Earliest imported wares: French wares Pottery in Essex, c.850-c.1050 Local pottery Imported pottery Thetford ware St. Neots ware Stamford ware Rhenish pottery Wares from Flanders/Belgium Summary Discussion The development of a ninth-/tenth-century cosmopolitan culture Scandinavian cultural affiliations and practice, c.850-1040 Phase 1: c.850-917 Votive deposits Viking camps Summary, c.850-917 Phase 2: c.1000-42 The Viking impact on long-distance trade networks in Essex The fate of smaller landing places/sites of exchange The development of towns and the urban-rural relationship (ninth to mid-eleventh centuries) The Viking impact Urban development in Essex London-Essex relationship Summary 5. Summary and conclusions The results from dress-accessory data Chapter 2 (c.400-c.650) Chapter 3 (c.650-c.800) Chapter 4 (c.800-c.1066) The results from the pottery study Chapter 2 (c.400-c.650) Chapter 3 (c.650-c.800) Chapter 4 (c.800-1066) The results from numismatic data Chapter 2 (c.400-c.650) Chapter 3 (c.650-c.800) Chapter 4 (c.800-1066) Thematic conclusions in the light of all of the available evidence Group affiliation The structure and operation of long-distance exchange networks in Essex The role of elites in the transformation of Essex Appendix: Maps Bibliography Index List of graphs and maps Graphs Graph 1 Dress accessories by frequency and context (minimum ten finds) Graph 2 The frequencies of dress accessories in north-western, central, and south-eastern Essex Graph 3 Compositional graph of the coin finds from the ‘productive site’ at Tilbury Graph 4 The chronological distribution of the coinage from Barking Graph 5 The chronological distribution of the coinage found at ‘north-west Essex’ Graph 6 Compositional chart of the coinage from ‘north-west Essex’ Graph 7 Compositional chart of the coinage from Lashley Wood/Lashley Green Graph 8 The chronological distribution of the coinage found at Lashley Wood/Green Graph 9 Compositional chart of the coinage from Canvey Island and Benfleet Creek Graph 10 Chronological distribution chart of finds from Canvey Island/Benfleet Creek Graph 11 Chronological distribution of the coinage from the Bromley area Graph 12 Compositional chart of the coinage from Great and Little Bromley Graph 13 Chronological distribution of coins from Bradwell Graph 14 Compositional chart of coins found at Bradwell Graph 15 Chronological distribution chart of coinage from Fingringhoe Graph 16 Compositional chart of Fingringhoe coinage Graph 17 Compositional graph of coinage found in the City of London Graph 18 Chronological distribution of coin finds from non-urban sites of exchange Maps Map 1 Map of the study region and key sites Map 2 Late Roman military belt fittings Map 3 Supporting-arm brooches Map 4 Penannular brooches Map 5 Saucer brooches Map 6 Button brooches Map 7 Disc brooches Map 8 Small-long brooches Map 9 Cruciform brooches Map 10 Annular brooches Map 11 Wrist-clasps Map 12 Girdle-hangers Map 13 Radiate-headed brooches Map 14 ‘Anglian’ and ‘Saxon’ dress accessories Map 15 Sixth- to early seventh-century Byzantine coinage Map 16 Late sixth- to late seventh-century Merovingian gold coinage Map 17 Merovingian deniers Map 18 Series B Map 19 Series S Map 20 Series A and C Map 21 London sceattas (Series L, O/-4, K/-11, K/32a, K-24/-26, and N) Map 22 East Anglian sceattas (Series Z, Q, R, BII, ‘VERNVS’, and ‘SAROALDO’) Map 23 Series F Map 24 ‘Monitascorum’ sceattas Map 25 Series U/23b Map 26 Series J Map 27 Series E Map 28 Series D Map 29 Series G Map 30 Northumbrian stycas Map 31 Pennies minted under the authority of Offa Map 32 Pennies of Egbert (782-72) and Æthelwulf (795110) Map 33 St. Edmund memorial pennies Map 34 English coinage, 9291,110 Map 35 Grass-tempered pottery Map 36 Local sand-tempered pottery Map 37 Ipswich ware Map 38 Early Merovingian wheel-thrown black ware Map 39 Shell-tempered pottery Map 40 Thetford ware Map 41 St. Neots ware Map 42 Pingsdorf ware Map 43 Map showing the white transect line, used to examine intraregional variation Map 44 Cumulative Scandinavian evidence from Essex, c.756-c.876