Racism in America: A Reference Handbook

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Cover Half Title Title Copyright Contents Preface 1 BACKGROUND AND HISTORY Introduction The Origins of American Racism Clearing the Land Securing Labor Discouraging Organized Rebellion Institutional Venues of Racism Justifying the Racial Hierarchy Science and Pseudoscience: Alleged Physical and Mental Differences Religion: Alleged Moral Differences Perpetuating the Racial Hierarchy Immigration Racial Categorization Participation in Governance Education Labor after Slavery Transportation Housing Criminal Justice Health and Health Care The Arts Sports Consumer Goods and the Reification of Whiteness Conclusion References 2 PROBLEMS, CONTROVERSIES, AND SOLUTIONS Acknowledging the Past and Recognizing the Presence of Racism in America Downplaying Racism How We Handle Our History Land, Labor, and the Maintenance of the Status Quo Revisited Clearing the Land Again: The Racialization of Eminent Domain Securing Labor Again Discouraging Organized Rebellion Again Institutional Venues of Racism Revisited Science and Pseudoscience Religion Racial Categorization Immigration Participation in Governance Education The Labor Market Transportation Housing Criminal Justice Health and Health Care The Arts Sports Consumer Goods and the Continued Reification of Whiteness Working toward Solutions Intergroup Contact Educational Interventions Governmental Interventions Direct Disruption References 3 PERSPECTIVES The Perils of Racial Progress Narratives Racism and the Media Landscape in the United States Law Enforcement and Immigration Enforcement in the Rio Grande Valley Reclaiming the City: Racial Gentrification as Urban Policy The Normalcy of Legitimized Racism against Indigenous Peoples Beyond DACA: Why the Immigration Battle Must Be Fought for the 11 Million White Dog, Yellow Mother The Cost of Silence 4 PROFILES American Civil Liberties Union Black Lives Matter Black Panther Party for Self-Defense Ku Klux Klan Nation of Islam National Association for the Advancement of Colored People The Sentencing Project Southern Christian Leadership Conference Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee United Farm Workers' Movement References 5 DATA AND DOCUMENTS Introduction Data Table 5.1. Changes in EEOC Complaints for Race and Color (1997 and 2017) Table 5.2. Median Income by Race (2017) Table 5.3. Wealth, Assets, and Debt by Race (2014) Table 5.4. Age-Adjusted Death Rates by Race/Ethnicity per 100,000 Population (2016) Table 5.5. Arrests by Race (2017) Table 5.6. Percentage Distribution of Arrests by Race Compared with Population Distribution (2017) Documents Jonathan Edwards, "The Injustice and Impolity of the Slave Trade, and of Slavery" (September 15, 1791) Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831) A Protest against Prejudice (May 5, 1852) Frederick Douglass, "The Claims of the Negro" (July 12, 1854) Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution (January 31, 1865) Kelly Miller, "Eugenics of the Negro Race" (1917) Virginia's "Act to Preserve Racial Integrity" (1924) The Ringle Report (January 1942) Lyndon B. Johnson, "Special Message to the Congress Proposing Further Legislation to Strengthen Civil Rights" (April 28, 1966) Loving v. Virginia (June 12, 1967) 6 RESOURCES The Arts Consumer Goods and the Reification of Whiteness Criminal Justice Cyber Racism Education Employment, Health, Welfare, and Socioeconomic Status Housing and Transportation Immigration Intersectionality Military Political Participation Racial Attitudes Racial Construction and Categorization Racial Progress Religion Reparations Science and Pseudoscience Social Psychology Sports Theory White Supremacy 7 CHRONOLOGY Glossary Index