History Of Policing, Crime, Disorder, Punishment

Description

This engaging textbook provides a broad and unique coverage of the key historical events that shaped ideas in criminology, criminal justice and policing from the late seventeenth century to the early twenty-first century in England and Wales. It vividly illustrates the multi-disciplinary nature of criminology and penology by providing important insights into the social and political issues that shaped the development and operations of the criminal justice system and its responses to both crime and disorder. Using key text boxes, this book highlights key people, theorists, foundational principles and events throughout. Part One discusses the nature of crime and forms of punishment between 1689 and 1750 and the penological concerns regarding the aims of punishment. Part Two focuses on crime and disorder between 1750 and 1850, examining the impact of urbanization on criminal activity and it considers the background and state responses to key episodes of public disorder. Part Three covers the development of policing 1689-1856 and the contribution to policing made by reformers and the implementation of police reform. Part Four deals with a number of issues affecting crime and punishment between 1850 and 1920 including episodes such as Irish Home Rule within the context of ‘high policing’. It evaluates changes to the nature and role of prisons that occurred in this period. This student-friendly book contains end of chapter questions which summarise and enable further discussion. Preface References Contents List of Figures Part I Crime and Punishment, 1689–1750 1 Introduction The 1689 Bill of Rights and the English Legal System Introduction Monmouth’s Rebellion and the 1689 Bill of Rights Monmouth’s Rebellion and the ‘Bloody Assizes’ The ‘Glorious Revolution’ and the 1689 Bill of Rights The Punishment of Crime—The Juridical Perspective Reductivism Deterrence Incapacitation Reform and Rehabilitation Retributivism Denunciation Methods Used to Punish Crime in the Eighteenth Century The Death Penalty Selective Use of the Death Penalty Benefit of Clergy Other Penalties for Felonies Transportation Custodial Sentences Penalties for Misdemeanours Fines Branding The Stocks and the Pillory Flogging Conclusion References 2 The Character and Nature of Crime in the Early Eighteenth Century Introduction Traditional Forms of Crime Robbery and Highwaymen Piracy Slavery and the Slave Trade Smuggling Wrecking Poaching The Growth of Towns and New Forms of Crime in the Early Eighteenth Century Causes of Early Eighteenth-Century Crime—Anomie Theory The Nature of Early Eighteenth-Century Crime Women and Crime The Role of Receivers Conclusion References 3 Urban Policing Introduction The 1285 Statute of Winchester The Hue and Cry and Posse Comitatus Parish Constables, Night Watchmen and Beadles Parish Constables The Night Watch Beadles Special Constables Privately Funded Police Work The Erosion of the Voluntary Principle The Detection of Crime Thief Takers Public Order Policing Examples of Early Eighteenth-Century Disorders The Sacheverall and High Church Riots (1710) The Spitalfields Weavers’ Riots 1719 Conclusion References Part II Crime and Disorder 1750–1850 4 Crowd Disorders, 1750–1800 Introduction The Crowd in Eighteenth-Century Politics Disorders 1750–1800 Food Riots The 1766 Food Riots Food Riots in the 1790s Spitalfield Weavers’ Disorders The John Wilkes Agitation (1768) The Gordon Riots (1780) Aftermath and Consequences of the Gordon Riots Conclusion References 5 Public Disorder and the state’s Response, 1800–1850 Introduction Disorders in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century The Industrial Revolution and Public Disorder Luddism Trade Unionism and the Tolpuddle Martyrs Key Events Associated with the Radical Politics—Plots and Conspiracies The Despard Conspiracy (1802) The Cato Street Conspiracy (1820) Key Events Associated with Radical Politics—The Reform of the Conventional Political System Spa Fields Peterloo The 1831 Bristol Riots (October 29–31) Chartism and the Policing of Political Disorder Chartism and Political Disorder The Chartist Revival (1842) The Chartist Revival (1848) Rural Disorder Public Order Policing, 1750–1850 The Physical Response to Disorder The ‘Old’ Policing System The Military The Militia The Yeomanry Professional Police Forces The Special Constabulary Ad Hoc Initiatives Political Policing—1750–1850 The Eighteenth- and Early Nineteenth-Century Secret State Informants/spies Infiltration Other Sources of Information Conclusion References 6 Reform of Prisons, the Penal Code and Legal System Introduction Sociological Perspectives to the Punishment of Offenders: Durkheim and Weber Durkheim Weber Prison Reformers Sir George Onesiphorus Paul Elizabeth Fry Jeremy Bentham The Separate and Silent Systems The Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth-Century Legal System The Court System The Court of Assize The Court of Quarter Sessions Trial Procedure Grand Juries Trial (or Petty Juries) Reform of the Penal Code in the Nineteenth Century Abolition of the Death Penalty Consolidation of the Legal Code Reform to Other Punishments Brandings Fines Whipping William Garrow and Reforms to Legal Procedure Conclusion References Part III The Development of Professional Policing from the Late Eighteenth Century—1856 7 Police Reformers and Police Reform in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries Introduction The Context of Crime and Disorder—Urban Population Growth Eighteenth-Century Views Regarding the Causes of Crime and Responses to It Police Reformers and Police Reform Henry and John Fielding and the Bow Street Runners The Bow Street Runners Patrick Colquhoun and Police Reform Jeremy Bentham and Police Reform The 1780 Gordon Riots and Police Reform Conclusion References 8 The Development of Professional Policing in London Introduction Background to the Formation of the Metropolitan Police Force Population Growth Violence and Disorder in London Peel and Police Reform The Development of Professional Policing in London The 1829 Metropolitan Police Act Creation of the City of London Police Force (1839) The Slow Take up of Professional Policing Outside of London Difficulty in Securing Appropriate Recruits Police Reform and Civil Liberties Cost Propping up the Old System Local Improvement Acts Police Reform and Civil and Political Liberties Joseph Fouché and the ‘Continental Model of Policing’ Initial Popular Dissent Towards Policing The Philosophy of Policing—Legitimacy and Consent The Legitimacy of the Police Peel’s Nine Principles of Policing Theory into Practice—The Underpinnings of Policing by Consent: Creating Trust and Confidence Local Organisation, Control and Accountability The Preventive Style of Policing The Rule of Law and Police Powers Minimum Force The Service Role of Policing Recruitment Conclusion References 9 The Development of Professional Policing in England and Wales (Outside of London) Introduction Pressures for Police Reform The Imposition of Social Discipline on the Working Class The New Poor Law and Police Reform The 1835 Municipal Corporations Act The 1839 County Police Act Special Police Legislation The 1856 County and Borough Police Act The 1856 County and Borough Police Act: Summary The Development of Professional Policing in Ireland The Irish Constabulary Policing in Dublin The Ethos of Irish Policing The Development of Professional Policing in Scotland Conclusion References Part IV Crime and Punishment 1850–1920 10 Issues Affecting Policing 1850–1920 Introduction Policing in the Middle Decades of the Nineteenth Century Recruitment and Retention Changes to Police Governance in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century Late Nineteenth-Century Legislation The Role of Central Government The Role of Chief Constables Chief Constables and Watch Committees Key Issues Affecting Policing in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century Corrupt Behaviour in Policing Police Industrial Action Women and Policing Formation of the Women Police Policing by Consent Orthodox Police Historians Revisionist Police Historians Police Property Conclusion References 11 Policing Politically Motivated Activities 1850–1920 Introduction Disorders in the Middle Decades of the Nineteenth Century The Murphy Riots (1866–1871) The 1866 Hyde Park Riot Late Nineteenth-Century Politics and Public Disorder Socialist Societies and Organisations Demonstrations ‘Black Monday’ ‘Bloody Sunday’ Consequences of These Events Policing Industrial Unrest in the Late Nineteenth Century Developments Affecting Working-Class Politics Examples of Late Nineteenth-Century Industrial Militancy The London Dock Strike (1889) Disorder in the Early Decades of the Twentieth Century Policing Industrial Unrest 1909–1914 The South Wales Miners’ Dispute 1910–1911 The 1911 Transport Strikes The National Coal Strike 1912 Policing the Suffragette Campaign Irish Home Rule Revolt to Revolution—Disorder in Ireland The Physical Response to Political Actions: The Role of the Military The Intelligence-Gathering Response to Political Actions High Policing ‘High Policing’—The Formation of Special Branch ‘High Policing’—The Formation of the Security Service Conclusion References 12 Responses to Crime Introduction Crime and the Working Class The ‘Criminal Class’ Crime Detection Forensic Science Serious Crime in the Latter Decades of the Nineteenth Century Gang-Related Crime and the Formation of the Metropolitan Police Flying Squad Examples of Serious Crime in the Late Nineteenth Century The London Garrotting Panic 1862 The Ripper Murders Disorderly Youths and Scuttling Gangs Policing Hate Crime Introduction Racism Directed at Early Black and Asian Immigrants Anti-immigrant Sentiment in the Early Twentieth Century Racial Unrest 1914–1920 The Prosecution of Crime in the Late Nineteenth Century Punishments in Late Nineteenth Century Whipping Penal Servitude Prison Regimes and the Philosophy of Prisons After 1850 Prison Regimes Women in Prisons The Gladstone Report and the Role of Prisons The Punishment of Young Offenders The Origins of the Early Twentieth-Century Juvenile Justice System Conclusion References Additional Resources Index