Power System Operation, Utilization, and Control

Description

This book presents power system analysis methods that cover all aspects of power systems operation, utilization, control, and system management. At the beginning of each chapter, an introduction is given describing the objectives of the chapter. The authors have attempted to present power system parameters in a lucid, logical, step-by-step approach in a lucid, logical, step-by-step approach. In recognition of requirements by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) on integration of engineering computer tools, the authors demonstrate the use of MATLAB® programming in obtaining solutions to engineering power problems. MATLAB is introduced in a student-friendly manner and follow up is given in Appendix A. The use of MATLAB and power system applications arepresented throughout the book. Practice problems immediately follow each illustrative example. Students can follow the example step-by-step to solve the practice problems. These practice problems test students’ comprehension and reinforce key concepts before moving on to the next chapter. In each chapter, the authors discuss some application aspects of the chapter's concepts using computer programming. The material covered in the chapter applied to at least one or two practical problems to help students see how the concepts are used in real-life situations. Thoroughly worked examples are provided at the end of every section. These examples give students a solid grasp of the solutions and the confidence to solve similar problems themselves. Designed for a three-hour semester course on Power System Operation, Utilization, and Control, this book is intended as a textbook for a senior-level undergraduate student in electrical and computer engineering. The prerequisites for a course based on this book are knowledge of standard mathematics, including calculus and complex numbers and basic undergraduate engineering courses. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents Preface Acknowledgments Authors Chapter 1: Synchronous Machines 1.1 Simplified Models of Cylindrical Rotor (Non-Salient) Synchronous Machines for the Steady-State Condition 1.2 Power Angle Characteristics 1.3 Power Angle Characteristics for Salient Pole Synchronous Machines for the Steady-State Condition 1.4 Per Unit Quantity 1.5 Parallel Operation of Synchronous Generators 1.5.1 Conditions Required for Paralleling Problems Chapter 2: Modeling of Synchronous Generator 2.1 Importance of Modeling 2.2 Turbogenerator Identification 2.3 Thermal Station 2.4 Turbine Model 2.5 System Identification 2.6 Station Description 2.7 Inertia Constant and Swing Equation 2.8 Synchronous Generator Modeling Concept in the Power System 2.9 Excitation System Control 2.10 Turbine Governor Control 2.10.1 Prime Mover and Governing System Controls 2.10.2 Governor/Turbine/Generator Relationship 2.11 Division of Load Between Generators 2.12 Amplitude and Frequency Estimation of Power System 2.12.1 Adaptive Hopf Oscillator 2.12.2 Power System Signal Modeling 2.13 Power System Stabilizer Problems Chapter 3: Load Frequency Control 3.1 Structures of Interconnection System 3.2 The Turbine Governor 3.3 Control Loops 3.4 System Behavior/Single Area 3.5 The Power-Frequency Characteristic of an Interconnected System 3.6 System Connected by Lines of Relatively Small Capacity 3.6.1 Effect of Governor Characteristics 3.6.2 Frequency-Bias-Tie-Line Control 3.7 Load Shedding Problems Chapter 4: Voltage and Reactive Power Control 4.1 Types of Voltage Variation 4.2 Reactive Power Generation and Absorption 4.2.1 Synchronous Reactance of Synchronous Generators 4.2.2 Transformers and Overhead Lines 4.2.3 Cables 4.2.4 Loads 4.3 Relation Between Voltage, Power, and Reactive Power at a Node 4.4 Methods of Voltage Control 4.4.1 Injection of Reactive Power 4.4.1.1 Reactors and Shunt Capacitors 4.4.1.2 Series Capacitors 4.4.1.3 Synchronous Compensators 4.4.1.4 Static Reactive Compensators and Static Synchronous Compensators 4.4.2 Tap-Modifying Transformers 4.5 VAR Compensator 4.6 Objectives of Load Compensation 4.6.1 Correcting Power Factor 4.6.2 Controlling Voltage 4.6.3 Balancing the Load 4.7 Reactive Power Compensation Types 4.7.1 Series Capacitor 4.7.2 Synchronous Capacitors 4.7.3 Shunt Capacitors 4.7.4 Shunt Reactors 4.8 Controls of Switched Shunt Capacitors 4.9 In Power System Harmonic Distortion 4.10 Sources of Harmonics 4.11 Harmonic Measurement 4.11.1 Distortion Factor 4.11.2 Telephone Interference Factor 4.12 Harmonic Reduction Methods 4.12.1 Shunt Filters 4.12.2 Filter Sequence 4.13 Operation of Thyristor-Controlled SVCs 4.14 SVC Parameters Calculation 4.14.1 Static VAR Compensator Configurations 4.14.2 Calculation of the TCR Firing Angle 4.15 Harmonics Due to SVC Operation Problems Chapter 5: Power System Optimization 5.1 Optimization Problem 5.2 Form Changing of Optimization Problem 5.2.1 Conventional Form 5.2.2 Standard Form 5.3 Economic Load Dispatch 5.4 The Subject of Economic Load Dispatch 5.5 Thermal Units Characteristics 5.5.1 Input–Output Characteristic 5.5.2 Incremental Cost Incremental Cost 5.6 Economic Load Dispatch Problem Formulation 5.7 Non-Linear Optimization Problem Using Lagrange Method 5.8 ELD Problem Solution Regardless of Inequality Constraints 5.9 Memorize Kuhn–Tucker Conditions for ELD Problems 5.10 The Lambda-Iteration Method 5.11 First-Order Gradient Search 5.12 Second-Order Search 5.12.1 Second-Order Search Formulation 5.12.2 Second-Order Search Algorithm 5.13 Basepoint and Participation Factors Method Problems Chapter 6: Economic Dispatch 6.1 Economic Dispatch in Power System Networks 6.2 Fuel Types and Cost 6.3 Incremental Fuel Cost 6.4 Optimization Techniques 6.4.1 Economic Dispatch Neglecting Losses and Generator Limits 6.4.2 Economic Dispatch Neglecting Losses and Including Generator Limits 6.4.3 Economic Dispatch Including Losses 6.4.4 The B-Coefficient and Algorithms 6.5 Mathematic Formulation 6.6 Optimum Power Flow 6.7 Voltage Stability and Reactive Power Flow Problem 6.8 Power Loss and Power Flow Control 6.9 The Optimization Problem 6.10 Mathematical Formulation of the Optimization Problem 6.11 Optimization Techniques 6.11.1 Quadratic Programming 6.11.2 Linear Programming 6.11.3 fmincon Function 6.12 Optimal Power Flow 6.12.1 Mathematical Formulation of the OPF Problem 6.12.2 Classification of the OPF Algorithms Solution 6.12.3 Comparison of the OPF Algorithms Solution Classes 6.13 Non-Linear Function Optimization 6.14 Hydrothermal Coordination 6.15 Different Types of Hydro-Scheduling 6.16 Scheduling Energy Problems Chapter 7: Unit Commitment 7.1 UC Problem Formulation 7.2 Dynamic Programming Method 7.3 Unit Commitment Problem Method 7.3.1 Feasibility of Load Supply and Generation Limits 7.3.2 Spinning Reserve 7.4 Unit Commitment Time Consideration 7.4.1 Minimum Up Time 7.4.2 Crew Constraints 7.4.3 Starting Cost 7.5 Unit Commitment Solution Methods 7.6 Economic Dispatch vs. Unit Commitment Problems Chapter 8: Power Systems State Estimation 8.1 General State Estimation Definition and Functions 8.2 Energy Management System 8.3 Importance of State Estimators in Power Systems 8.4 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition, and Phasor Measurement Units 8.5 Estimators of State in Practical Implementation 8.6 Methods of State Estimation 8.6.1 Maximum Likelihood Method 8.6.2 Weighted Least Squares Method 8.6.3 Minimum Variation 8.7 Detection and Identification of Erroneous Data 8.7.1 Identifying Bad Data 8.7.2 Bad Data Detection in the Weighted Least Square Approach 8.7.3 Identification and Removal of Bad Data 8.8 Techniques of State Estimation for Non-Linear  Systems 8.8.1 Classical Kalman Filter 8.8.2 Non-Linear Kalman Filter Methods 8.8.3 The Extended Kalman Filter Method 8.8.4 The Unscented Kalman Filter Method Problems Chapter 9: Load Forecasting 9.1 Load Forecasting Solution Techniques 9.2 Load Curves and Factors 9.2.1 Important Terms and Factors 9.3 Load Duration Curve 9.4 Load Curves and Selection of the Number and Sizes of the Generation Units 9.5 Prediction of Load and Energy Requirements 9.6 Additive Seasonal 9.7 The Additive Seasonal Architecture 9.8 Forecasting Modeling 9.8.1 The Regression Models 9.8.2 Brown’s Smoothing Method 9.8.3 Load Forecasting Using the Additive Seasonal Model 9.8.4 Trend Model 9.8.5 Load Forecasting Using Quadratic Regression Problems Appendix A A.1 MATLAB Windows A.2 MATLAB Basics A.3 Using MATLAB to Plot A.4 Basic Commands of MATLAB in Discrete Systems A.5 MATLAB/Simulink Bibliography Index