Education and Economic Development: A Social and Statistical Analysis

Description

This book explores how education influences economic and social development. With a particular focus on the role of higher education and universities, policies that promote education are analysed to highlight how economic development can be encouraged (and hindered) through policymaking. Comparative trends within Europe and Romania are examined to provide insight into the different ways in which education has evolved across the continent. The relationship between levels of education and employability, personal development, and professional development is also discussed. This book aims to examine how education policies can maximise economic growth and social development. It will be relevant to students and researchers interested in economic development and education economics. Foreword Acknowledgments Contents List of Figures List of Tables Chapter 1: Introduction – The Temporal Dynamics of Education Part I: The Emergence of Education and Its Economic Dimension Chapter 2: Education: Conceptual and Methodological Approaches Education—Foundation of Social and Economic Development Education—The Foundation of Human Development The Economic Approach to Education Theories on Human Capital: Assumptions, Limitations, and Alternatives The Signaling Theory on the Labor Market The Market for Educational Services and Its Peculiarities Institutionalism in Education References Chapter 3: Theories and Models on the Relationship Between Education and Economic Development The Impact of Higher Education on Social and Economic Development Education and Economy—In the Vision of the Economic Growth Models References Chapter 4: Economic Scale of Education Education Between Costs and Benefits The Impact of Education on the Economy The Mincerian Equation References Chapter 5: Higher Education for the Social and Economic Development References Part II: Practice Beats Theory Chapter 6: Case Studies of Best Practices in Higher Education The United Kingdom Sweden Poland South Korea: The Miracle on the Han River References Chapter 7: Empirical Analysis of the Relationship Between Higher Education and Economic Development Evolution of the Participation Rate in Tertiary Education (%) in the Period 1971–2012 Evolution of Gross Domestic Product Per Inhabitant for the Period 1971–2013 Correlation Between the Participation Rate in Tertiary Education (%) and the Gross Domestic Product Per Inhabitant ($) Analysis of the Link Between the Participation Rate in Tertiary Education and GDP Per Capita in the United Kingdom Link Between Participation Rate in Tertiary Education and Gross Domestic Product Per Inhabitant in South Korea Link Between Participation Rate in Tertiary Education and Gross Domestic Product Per Inhabitant in Poland The Link Between the Participation Rate in Tertiary Education and the Gross Domestic Product Per Inhabitant in Romania Analysis of the Link Between Participation Rates in Tertiary Education and GDP Per Capita in Sweden References Part III: Understanding the Numbers and Narratives. Good and Bad News Chapter 8: Trends and Evolutions of Higher Education Related to the European Integration and Membership Public Spending for Higher Education During 2000–2018 Expenses Per Student in Euro PPS, at Higher Education Level (ISCED 5–6) Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Rate in the Period 2000–2020 The Evolution of the Percentage of GDP for Education During 2000–2020 Period The Percentage of GDP of Spending on Research and Development in Countries of the European Union The Ratio of the Population Aged Between 25–64 Years in Lifelong Learning (LLL) Number of Students in Higher Education (1000) (ISCED 5–6) The Ratio of Opting for Higher Education in the EU—Population Aged 30–34 Years Old Total Number of Higher Education Graduates in the Period 2000–2021 School Dropout Higher Education Graduates in Fields of Study in the EU References Chapter 9: Systems of Benchmarking Indicator Characterizing Modern Economy The Global Competitiveness Index The KAM Method The Human Capital Index The European Lifelong Learning Index The Human Development Indicator References Chapter 10: The Relationships GCI-ELLI-HCI The Correlation Between the European Lifelong Learning Index (ELLI) and the Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) in the Countries of the European Union References Chapter 11: The 2020 Strategy The Goals and Objectives of the Europe 2020 Strategy for the Field of Education Benchmarks and Trends of the Romanian University System During 2000–2020 Political and Legislative Benchmarks Economic Benchmarks and Developments Social Analysis Social Factors Demographic Factors The National-Cultural Factor Technological Analysis Why Do We Need Research—Innovation for? References Chapter 12: Quantification of the Impact Level of Education on the Economic Development of Nations General Aspects of the Level of Education of Romania’s Regions Comparative Analysis of the Dispersion of University Centers and the Number of Students in Countries: United Kingdom, Sweden, South Korea, Poland, and Romania Regional Disparities in the Level of Education of the Population Share of the Population with a Low Level of Education Share of the Population with a High Level of Education Differences in Adult Participation in Lifelong Learning Inequalities in Population Employment, Unemployment, and Economic Development by Development Region Differences in Population Occupancy by Level of Training Changes in Terms of Unemployment in Romania The GDP per Capita on a Regional Basis The Link Between the Level of Education and the Degree of Regional Economic Development References Part IV: Detached From Contemporary Reality Chapter 13: Empirical Research on the Gap between Level of Education and Employability Based on Work Satisfaction Defining the Decision-Making Issue Quantitative Research on University Graduates’ Opinions in Terms of Interconnections between the Level of Education and Employability Based on Work Satisfaction Establishing the Target, Objectives, and Assumptions of the Research Research Objectives Research Hypotheses Presenting the Research Methodology Testing the Questionnaire Establishing the Size of the Sample Data Processing, Analysis, and Interpretation Analysis of Differences of Opinion between Respondents, Grouped According to Different Criteria Qualitative Research from the Point of View of Employers Regarding the Compatibility between the Level of Education and Employability The Research Objectives, Methodology, and Benchmarks Conducting Interviews Data Processing and Analysis from the Point of View of both Employers and Experts/Recruiters References Chapter 14: Conclusions Regarding the Social and Economic Dimension of Education Annexes Annex 1: Temporal Evolution of Human Capital Approaches Annex 2: Evolution of GDP Per Capita, ($) in the European Union, 2000–2020 Annex 3: Examples of Variables Used in Econometric Growth Models Annex 3a: Benefits of Education Annex 4: The Influencing Factors of Economic Growth Annex 5: Weekly Incomes Earned According to Level of Education, 1979–2021 Annex 6: Average Annual Income According to the Levels of Education and Training Courses (2012–2022) Annex 7: Correlation of PISA Tests with Some Economic Variables Annex 8: Participation Rate in Tertiary Education in the Period 1971–2020 (% Gross) Annex 9: Gross Domestic Product in the Period 1971–2020 Annex 10: Results of the Descriptive Analysis for the Dependent Variable Gross Domestic Product Per Inhabitant and the Participation Rate in Tertiary Education in the Case of the Countries Under Review United Kingdom South Korea Poland Romania Sweden Annex 11: Public Expenditure on Higher Education (ISCED 5–8) as a Percentage of GDP Annex 12: (a) EU-Wide University Graduates (2000–2012) Annex 12: (b) EU-Wide University Graduates (2013–2020)—ISCED 2011 Fields of Study Annex 13: Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) 2014–2015 Annex 14: Human Capital Index, 2020, 2018 Back-Calculated and 2010 Annex 15: Human Capital Index (HCI), 2012 Annex 16: Global Competitiveness Index (GCI 4.0) 2018–2019 Annex 17: (a) Human Development Index and Its Components, 2019 Annex 18: (a) Inequality-Adjusted Human Development Index, 2019 Annex 18: (b) Human Index Trends, 1990–2019 Annex 19: Questionnaire Annex 20: What Happens to the Graduates of the “Stefan cel Maré” University in Suceava? Research Methodology: The Investigated Batch: Results Annex 21: Population Aged 25–64 Years with a Low Level of Education by Region Population Aged 25–64 Years with a Higher Level of Education by Region Population Aged 25–64 Years by Education Levels and by Gender—Romania Employment Rate of the Population Aged 25–64 Years Depending on the Level of Education Annex 22: Regional Disparities in the Number of Students and University Centers in South Korea, Great Britain, Sweden, Poland, and Romania References Books Articles Reports Web sources