PALEOGENE FOSSIL BIRDS

Description

Preface Acknowledgments Contents 1: Introduction 2: Basic Terminology and the Broader Phylogenetic and Geological Framework 2.1 Phylogenetic Terminology 2.2 Bird Bones and Often Used Osteological Terms 2.3 The Higher-Level Phylogeny of Extant Birds 2.4 Mesozoic Neornithes 2.5 Stratigraphy and Major Paleogene Fossil Localities 2.5.1 Europe 2.5.2 Asia 2.5.3 North America 2.5.4 Central and South America 2.5.5 Africa 2.5.6 Australia, New Zealand, and Antarctica References 3: Palaeognathous Birds 3.1 Lithornithidae 3.2 Palaeotididae, Geranoididae, and Eogruidae-Northern Hemispheric Stem Group Representatives of the Struthioniformes 3.2.1 The European Palaeotididae 3.2.2 The North American Geranoididae 3.2.3 The Asian Eogruidae and Ergilornithidae 3.3 Remiornithidae 3.4 Eremopezidae 3.5 Rheiformes (Rheas) 3.6 Casuariiformes (Emus and Cassowaries) 3.7 Putative Palaeognathous Bird from the Eocene of Antarctica References 4: Pelagornithidae, Gastornithidae, and Crown Group Galloanseres 4.1 Pelagornithidae (Bony-Toothed Birds) 4.2 Gastornithidae 4.3 Galliformes (Landfowl) 4.3.1 The Eocene Gallinuloididae-Stem Group Galliformes from North America and Europe 4.3.2 Other Early and Middle Eocene Stem Group Galliforms 4.3.3 The Paraortygidae-A Well-Represented Group of Stem Group Galliformes 4.3.4 The North American Taxa Procrax, Archaealectrornis, and Palaeonossax 4.3.5 Quercymegapodiidae 4.3.6 The Australian Megapodiidae (Megapodes) 4.3.7 Phasianoidea (Guinea Fowl, Quails, Pheasants, and Allies) 4.4 The Australian Dromornithidae 4.5 Anseriformes (Waterfowl) 4.5.1 Anhimidae (Screamers) 4.5.2 Presbyornithidae 4.5.3 Anseranatidae (Magpie Geese) 4.5.4 Anatidae (Ducks, Geese, and Swans) References 5: Mirandornithes (Grebes and Flamingos), Charadriiformes (Shorebirds and Allies), and Gruiformes (Rails, Cranes, and Allies) 5.1 Podicipediformes (Grebes) and Phoenicopteriformes (Flamingos) 5.2 Charadriiformes (Shorebirds and Allies) 5.2.1 Lari (Gulls, Auks, and Allies) 5.2.2 Charadrii (Plovers and Allies) 5.2.3 Scolopaci (Sandpipers and Allies) 5.3 Gruiformes (Rails, Cranes, and Allies) 5.3.1 Messelornithidae and Walbeckornis 5.3.2 Songziidae 5.3.3 Ralloidea (Finfoots, Flufftails, and Rails) 5.3.4 Parvigruidae 5.3.5 Gruoidea (Trumpeters, Limpkins, and Cranes) References 6: Opisthocomiformes (Hoatzins), ``Columbaves´´ (Doves, Cuckoos, Bustards, and Allies), and Strisores (Nightjars, Swifts, Humm... 6.1 Opisthocomiformes (Hoatzin) 6.2 Otididae (Bustards) 6.3 Foratidae 6.4 Musophagiformes (Turacos) 6.5 Cuculiformes (Cuckoos) 6.6 Columbiformes (Doves), Pterocliformes (Sandgrouse), and Mesitornithiformes (Mesites) 6.7 Eopachypterygidae, Eocuculus, and Carpathiavis 6.8 Strisores (Nightjars, Swifts, Hummingbirds, and Allies) 6.8.1 Archaeotrogonidae 6.8.2 Caprimulgiformes (Nightjars) 6.8.3 Nyctibiiformes (Potoos) 6.8.4 Steatornithiformes (Oilbirds) 6.8.5 Fluvioviridavidae 6.8.6 Parvicuculidae 6.8.7 Podargiformes (Frogmouths) 6.8.8 Protocypselomorphus 6.8.9 Aegotheliformes (Owlet Nightjars) and Apodiformes (Swifts and Hummingbirds) 6.8.9.1 Eocypselidae 6.8.9.2 Aegialornithidae 6.8.9.3 Hemiprocnidae (Tree Swifts) and Apodidae (True Swifts) 6.8.9.4 Trochilidae (Hummingbirds) References 7: Phaethontiformes and Aequornithes: The Aquatic and Semi-aquatic Neaovian Taxa 7.1 Phaethontiformes (Tropicbirds) 7.2 Gaviiformes (Loons) 7.3 Procellariiformes (Tubenoses) 7.3.1 The Early Oligocene Diomedeoididae 7.3.2 Diomedeidae (Albatrosses) 7.4 Sphenisciformes (Penguins) 7.5 Ciconiidae (Storks) 7.6 Suliformes: Fregatidae (Frigatebirds) and Suloidea (Gannets, Boobies, Cormorants, and Anhingas) 7.6.1 Protoplotidae 7.6.2 Fregatidae (Frigatebirds) 7.6.3 Sulidae (Gannets and Boobies) 7.6.4 Phalacrocoracidae (Cormorants) and Anhingidae (Anhingas) 7.6.5 Plotopteridae 7.7 Threskiornithidae (Ibises and Spoonbills) 7.8 Scopidae (Hamerkop), Balaenicipitidae (Shoebill), and Pelecanidae (Pelicans) 7.9 Ardeidae (Herons) 7.10 Xenerodiopidae References 8: Accipitriformes (New World Vultures, Hawks, and Allies), Falconiformes (Falcons), and Cariamiformes (Seriemas and Allies) 8.1 Accipitriformes (New World Vultures, Hawks, and Allies) 8.1.1 Teratornithidae and Cathartidae (New Word Vultures) 8.1.2 Sagittariidae 8.1.3 Pandionidae (Ospreys), and Accipitridae (Hawks and Allies) 8.1.4 Horusornithidae 8.2 Falconiformes (Falcons) 8.3 Masillaraptoridae 8.4 Cariamiformes (Seriemas and Allies) 8.4.1 Phorusrhacidae 8.4.2 Idiornithidae 8.4.3 Bathornithidae 8.4.4 Strigogyps and the Ameghinornithidae 8.5 Cariamiform-like Paleogene Taxa of Uncertain Affinities 8.5.1 Elaphrocnemus and Paracrax 8.5.2 Eleutherornithidae 8.5.3 Salmilidae 8.5.4 Gradiornis References 9: Psittacopasseres: Psittaciformes (Parrots) and Passeriformes (Passerines) 9.1 Halcyornithidae and Messelornithidae: Owl/Parrot Mosaics of Uncertain Affinities 9.1.1 Halcyornithidae 9.1.2 Messelasturidae 9.2 Vastanavis, Avolatavis, Eurofluvioviridavis: Further Eocene parrot-like Birds of Controversial Affinities 9.3 Cladornithidae 9.4 Psittaciformes (Parrots) 9.5 Passeriformes (Passerines) 9.5.1 Psittacopedidae and Allies 9.5.2 Zygodactylidae 9.5.3 Passeriformes References 10: Strigiformes (Owls), Coliiformes (Mousebirds), and Cavitaves (Trogons, Rollers, Woodpeckers, and Allies) 10.1 Strigiformes (Owls) 10.1.1 Berruornis and Sophiornithidae 10.1.2 Ogygoptyngidae 10.1.3 Protostrigidae, Primoptynx, and Eostrix 10.1.4 Necrobyinae, Palaeoglaucidae, and Selenornithinae 10.2 Coliiformes (Mousebirds) 10.2.1 Sandcoleidae 10.2.2 Coliidae 10.3 Cavitaves: Birds that Nest in Burrows and Tree Cavities 10.3.1 Leptosomiformes (Courols) 10.3.2 Trogoniformes (Trogons) 10.3.3 Bucerotes (Hornbills, Hoopoes, and Woodhoopoes) 10.3.4 Coraciiformes (Rollers, Bee-eaters, Kingfishers, and Allies) 10.3.4.1 Coracii (Rollers and Ground Rollers) 10.3.4.2 Meropidae (Bee-eaters) and Alcedinides (Kingfishers, Todies, and Motmots) 10.3.5 Piciformes (Jacamars, Puffbirds, Woodpeckers, and Allies) 10.3.5.1 Sylphornithidae 10.3.5.2 Gracilitarsidae 10.3.5.3 Pici References 11: Paleogene Avifaunas: A Synopsis of General Biogeographic and Paleoecological Aspects 11.1 Continental avifaunas of the Northern Hemisphere 11.1.1 Biogeography 11.1.2 Climatic Cooling and avifaunal Turnovers 11.2 Continental avifaunas of the Southern Hemisphere 11.2.1 Biogeography 11.2.2 Extant Southern Hemispheric ``endemics´´ in the Paleogene of the Northern Hemisphere 11.3 Ecological Interactions 11.3.1 Mammalian Evolution and Terrestrial avifaunas 11.3.2 The Impact of Passerines on the Diversity of Paleogene Avian Insectivores 11.3.3 Marine avifaunas 11.3.3.1 Volant Seabirds 11.3.3.2 Large Diving Birds References