Spanish New Orleans: An Imperial City on the American Periphery, 1766-1803

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John Eugene Rodriguez’s Spanish New Orleans is the first comprehensive academic analysis of how Spain governed the largest imperial city in its North American empire. Rodriguez suggests that the Spanish empire was, at least on the northern edge, slipping into economic and perhaps political independence a decade before the overthrow of its Bourbon Spanish rulers in 1808. His work questions that of earlier historians, who argued that Latin America was fundamentally conservative and complaisant under Bourbon rule. Instead, Spanish New Orleans shows that in the capital of Louisiana, Spanish rulers were slowly losing control of three interwoven aspects of the city: demography, trade, and political discourse. Rodriguez demonstrates how the multiethnic, multilingual population of the city played a central role in encouraging trans-imperial free trade and especially trade with the United States, to the point of economic dependence. This dependence in turn prompted the Bourbon governors in New Orleans to negotiate both economic and political discourse in a city that was steadily moving closer in every way to the United States. Far from being a peripheral city in a peripheral colony, by 1803 New Orleans was reshaping the Spanish empire beyond the comprehension of the Spanish king. Chapters on the city’s foundational merchants, literacy, and the judicial system all point to the unique character of this imperial city on the American periphery. This study marks new methodological paths for historians of Latin America and early U.S. history by making use of enormous data compilations on population, ethnicity, and economics. Rodriguez also analyzes previously ignored eighteenth-century Spanish-language documents, including petitions, postal records, and military rosters, and engages underutilized tools such as signature analysis. Through his use of original sources and innovative methodologies, Rodriguez makes new and intriguing comparisons between New Orleans and other contemporary Spanish imperial cities as well as cities in the then-expanding United States. In Spanish New Orleans, Rodriguez goes beyond simply positioning New Orleans within Spanish imperial history. Taking a broader view, he considers what Spanish New Orleans reveals about the challenges and opportunities faced by the Spanish Bourbon empire, and he sheds light on how a new North American empire could so quickly and easily absorb a Spanish city. Cover CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Introduction 1. A City of Chameleons 2. The Merchants of Spanish New Orleans 3. Trade in Spanish New Orleans 4. Spanish Attempts to Control Trade 5. Literacy in a Spanish Imperial City 6. The Judicial System in Spanish New Orleans 7. Political Discourse and Practices in Spanish New Orleans Conclusion: The Transition between Two Empires APPENDIX 1: The Foundational Merchants of Spanish New Orleans APPENDIX 2: The Foundational Merchants of American New Orleans APPENDIX 3: Petition from the Merchants of New Orleans, August 1796, to King Charles IV of Spain APPENDIX 4: Petition from the Free Military Officers of Color, 24 October 1800, to the Cabildo of New Orleans NOTES BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX