The Medieval Record: Sources of Medieval History

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Front Cover Title Page Copyright Page Contents Acknowledgments Topical Contents A Note to Instructors on Teaching from This Book A Student’s Guide to Using This Book Part One: The Collapse of Roman Unity and the Emergence of Three Successor Civilizations: 100–1050 C.E. Chapter 1: A World in Flux The Pax Romana The Blessings of the Roman Peace 1. Aelius Aristides, THE ROMAN ORATION and TWO MOSAICS AT OSTIA Imperial Reform or Revolution? 2. Lactantius, ON THE DEATHS OF THE PERSECUTORS The Late Roman Empire 3. THE THEODOSIAN CODE Christianity and the Roman World Why Are Christians Persecuted? 4. Tertullian, A DEFENSE OF CHRISTIANS AGAINST THE PAGANS Constantine’s Revolution 5. Eusebius of Caesarea, ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY Church and State in the Late Empire 6. THE THEODOSIAN CODE The Christian Emperor 7. THE BARBERINI IVORY Chapter 2: New Peoples in an Old Empire: Invasions and Settlements in the Western Roman Empire The Newcomers Why Have the Barbarians Triumphed? 8. Salvian, THE GOVERNANCE OF GOD Invaded by a Crowd of Giants 9. Sidonius Apollinaris, LETTERS Clovis the Frank, Agent of God 10. Gregory of Tours, HISTORY OF THE FRANKS Governing the Barbarian Kingdoms Frankish Law and Society 11. THE SALIC LAW CODE Government in Ostrogothic Italy 12. Cassiodorus, VARIAE Heavenly Portraits 13. THE ALTAR OF RATCHIS; A ROMAN SARCOPHAGUS Chapter 3: Emerging Europe’s Neighbors: Byzantium and Islam Byzantium: From Justinian I to Basil II (527–1025) An Emperor and Empress 14. MOSAIC PORTRAITS OF JUSTINIAN AND THEODORA AT SAN VITALE Regulating Trade and Industry 15. THE BOOK OF THE EPARCH Securing an Empire’s Borders 16. Constantine VII, GOVERNING THE EMPIRE Emperor Basil II and the Apogee of Byzantine Power 17. Michael Psellus, THE CHRONOGRAPHIA Dar al-Islam: From the Prophet to the Abbasids The Word of God 18. THE QUR’AN Striving in the Way of God 19. Imam al-Bukhari, THE AUTHENTIC [COLLECTION] OF AL-BUKHARI The Dhimma: A Contract with People of the Book 20. THE PACT OF IBN MUSLAMA; THE PACT OF UMAR; Al-Nawawi,MANUAL of ISLAMIC LAW Chapter 4: Saints, Monks, Bishops, and Popes Saints Casting Out Evil Spirits and Triumphing over Death in Sixth-Century Italy 21. Pope Gregory I, DIALOGUES Holy Asceticism and Sacred Solitude in Ninth-Century Saxony 22. THE LIFE OF THE VIRGIN LIUTBIRG Monks Establishing a Monastic Community in Italy 23. THE RULE OF SAINT BENEDICT The Heart and Soul of Celtic Monasticism 24. Adomnán, LIFE OF SAINT COLUMBA, FOUNDER OF HY; Saint Columban, THE MONKS’ RULE, THE CENOBITIC RULE, and THE PENITENTIAL Bishops and Popes The Issue of Christian Authority 25. Pope Gelasius I, LETTER TO EMPEROR ANASTASIUS I Guiding the Ship of Western Christendom 26. Pope Gregory I, LETTERS A Conflict over Icons 27. Pope Gregory II, LETTER TO EMPEROR LEO III Organizing a Church in Northern England 28. The Venerable Bede, LETTER TO BISHOP ECGBERT Converting Pagan Germans 29. Willibald, LIFE of SAINT BONIFACE Chapter 5: The Carolingian Experiment Charlemagne The Great Deeds of Charles the Great 30. Einhard, THE LIFE OF CHARLES THE GREAT Delivered with Authority 31. Charles the Great, LETTERS Charlemagne’s Government 32. Charles the Great, CAPITULARIES A Pope’s Image of Papal-Frankish Relations 33. Pope Leo III’s Lateran Mosaics The Later Carolingians Troubles for Charlemagne’s Grandsons 34. Nithard, FOUR BOOKS OF HISTORIES The End of an Empire 35. Regino of Prüm, CHRONICLE Chapter 6: Restructuring and Reordering Europe: 850–1050 Early France: A World of Local Lordship The Search for Peace and Security 36. THE PEACE OF GOD; THE TRUCE OF GOD The Ideal Tenth-Century Lord? The Ideal Eleventh-Century Lord? 37. Odo of Cluny, THE LIFE OF THE MAN OF GOD, GERALD;Adémar of Chabannes, THE LIFE OF SAINT GERALD OF AURILLAC The Ideal Eleventh-Century Vassal? 38. Fulbert of Chartres, LETTER TO DUKE WILLIAM V OF AQUITAINE England and the Ottonian Empire: New Monarchic Order King Alfred’s Educational Program 39. Alfred the Great, LETTER TO BISHOP WÆRFERTH Otto the Great and the Papacy 40. Liudprand of Cremona, CONCERNING KING OTTO The Ottonians and Byzantium The Artistic Influence of Byzantium? 41. TWO CRUCIFIX IVORIES Two Views of Byzantium 42. Liudprand of Cremona, RETRIBUTION and REPORT ON THE EMBASSY TO CONSTANTINOPLE Two Imperial Images 43. THE CROWNING OF OTTO II AND THEOPHANO and THE CROWNING OF ROMANOS AND EUDOKIA Visions of the World A Woman of Genius and Three Women of Virtue 44. Roswitha of Gandersheim, DULCITIUS Popular Religious Attitudes in Early Eleventh-Century France 45. Ralph Glaber, FIVE BOOKS OF HISTORY Part Two: European Efflorescence and Expansion: 1050–1300 Chapter 7: Varieties of Religious Expression The Different Faces of Piety The Monastic Cult of Mary 46. Bernard of Clairvaux, SERMONS IN PRAISE OF THE VIRGIN MOTHER The Popular Cult of Mary 47. Jacques de Vitry, SERMONS FOR THE PEOPLE ACCORDING TO CLASS Two Images of the Virgin’s Death 48. THE DARMSTADT KOIMÊSIS OF THE THEOTOKOS and THE STRASBOURG DORMITION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN Twelfth-Century Popular “Heresy”: The Waldensians 49. Stephen of Bourbon, A TREATISE ON VARIOUS SUBJECTS FOR SERMONS Twelfth-Century Popular “Heresy”: The Cathars 50. Peter of Vaux-de-Cernay, THE ALBIGENSIAN HISTORY The Franciscan Spirit 51. Francis of Assisi, TESTAMENT The Drive to Create an Ordered Christian Society Reforming Western Christendom 52. DECREES OF THE FOURTH LATERAN COUNCIL The Inquisitorial Process 53. Pseudo-David of Augsburg, ON THE INQUISITION OF HERETICS Chapter 8: The Other Orders of Society They Who Work the Land Eleventh-Century Peasant Rights and Duties in the Rhineland 54. Burchard of Worms, THE LAW OF THE FAMILY OF THE CHURCH OF WORMS Twelfth-Century Peasant Colonists beyond the Elbe 55. Frederick of Hamburg-Bremen, CHARTER OF PRIVILEGES Thirteenth-Century Land Leases in Italy 56. TWO PADUAN LAND CONTRACTS They Who Fight The Ideal Feudal Warrior? 57. THE SONG OF ROLAND Feudal Law 58. Ranulf de Glanville, CONCERNING THE LAWS AND CUSTOMS OF THE KINGDOM OF ENGLAND Urban Dwellers A Twelfth-Century Town along the Castilian Frontier 59. THE FUERO OF CUENCA Italian Communal Government 61. John of Viterbo, BOOK ON THE GOVERNMENT OF CITIES Jewish Communities An Episcopal Grant to the Jews of Speyer 62. Rüdegar Huozman, CHARTER TO THE JEWS OF SPEYER An Imperial Grant to the Jews of Worms 63. Emperor Frederick I, A CHARTER OF PRIVILEGES FOR THE JEWS OF WORMS Images of “the Jew” 64. THE BAPTISMAL FOUNT OF THE CHURCH OF SAINTS PETER AND PAUL, BOCHUM; ECCLESIA AND SYNAGOGA, STRASBOURG CATHEDRAL; THE SOUTH PORTAL, STRASBOURG CATHEDRAL Chapter 9: Innovation and Diversity in Intellectual and Artistic Expression Reason and Revelation in the Schools of Paris Understanding through Questioning 65. Peter Abelard, SIC ET NON Thirteenth-Century Rational Theology 66. Thomas Aquinas, SUMMA CONTRA GENTILES Ensuring Theological Correctness 67. A STATUTE OF 1272 OF THE FACULTY OF ARTS OF PARIS Literature Courtly Romance 68. Chrétien de Troyes, EREC AND ENIDE The Art of Parody 69. THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO THE MARKS OF SILVER A Satirical Deconstruction of Jewish Blood Libel? 70. Richard of Devizes, THE CHRONICLE OF RICHARD OF DEVIZES FOR THE TIME OF KING RICHARD I Romanesque and Gothic Art Virgin and Child: A Byzantine Triptych and a Romanesque Statue 71. A VIRGIN AND CHRIST CHILD TRIPTYCH and NOTRE DAME LA BRUNE Temptation in Romanesque and Gothic Style 72. Giselbertus, EVE; Anonymous, THE TEMPTATION IN THE GARDEN OF EDEN; and Anonymous, THE TEMPTER AND THE FOOLISH VIRGINS Chapter 10: Political Theory and Reality Monarchs and Popes in Conflict A Half Century That Shook the West 73. FOUR DOCUMENTS FROM THE INVESTITURE CONTROVERSY A Byzantine View of the Investiture Controversy 74. Anna Comnena, ALEXIAD Investitures in the Wake of the Investiture Controversy 75. THE SARCOPHAGUS OF BISHOP ADELOCHUS and THE INVESTITURE OF KING ROGER II A Papal Rejoinder to the Byzantine Emperor 76. Innocent III, SOLITAE A Middle Ground? 77. John Quidort (John of Paris), ON ROYAL AND PAPAL POWER The Power of Monarchs The King’s Justice 78. THE ASSIZE OF CLARENDON The Ideal King? 79. Jean de Joinville, THE BOOK OF THE HOLY WORDS AND GOOD DEEDS OF OUR KING, SAINT LOUIS Limited Government in Spain, England, and Germany? Representative Government in Spain 80. Alfonso IX, DECREES OF 1188; Alfonso X, ORDINANCES OF THE CORTES OF SEVILLE IN 1252; Pedro III, ORDINANCE OF 1283 Limitations on Royal Power in England 81. MAGNA CARTA Limitations on Imperial Power in Germany 82. Frederick II, STATUTE IN FAVOR OF THE PRINCES “What Affects All Should Be Approved by All” 83. Edward I, SUMMONS TO PARLIAMENT, 1295 Chapter 11: The Crusades: Expanding Europe’s Horizons The Crusade: Ideal and Reality Pope Urban’s Crusade 84. Pope Urban II, LETTERS TO FLANDERS AND BOLOGNA; Robert the Monk, HISTORY OF THE JOURNEY TO JERUSALEM Crusaders and Jews in the Rhineland 85. Ekkehard of Aura, THE JERUSALEMITE; Albert of Aachen, HISTORY OF THE JOURNEY TO JERUSALEM; THE MAINZ ANONYMOUS The Capture of Jerusalem 86. THE DEEDS OF THE FRANKS AND OF THE OTHER PILGRIMS TO JERUSALEM Crusaders as Colonists The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem 87. Fulcher of Chartres, A HISTORY OF THE JERUSALEM PILGRIMS Franks and Muslims in the Latin East 88. Ibn Jubayr, AN ACCOUNT OF EVENTS THAT HAPPENED ON CERTAIN JOURNEYS Crusade, Conversion, and Settlement in the Eastern Baltic 89. Henry of Livonia, CHRONICLE The Mongols: A Challenge and an Opportunity “A Detestable Satanic People” 90. Matthew Paris, THE GREATER CHRONICLE: AN ENTRY FOR 1240; “IVO OF NARBONNE’S CONFESSION”; THE TARTAR FEAST Saint Louis, Prester John, and the Tartars 91. Jean de Joinville, THE BOOK OF THE HOLY WORDS AND GOOD DEEDS OF OUR SAINTLY KING LOUIS A Franciscan Missionary in China 92. John of Monte Corvino, LETTER TO THE WEST Part Three: Crisis, Retrenchment, Recovery, and a New World: 1300–1500 Chapter 12: The Fourteenth Century: Catastrophe and Creativity Natural Disasters and Their Consequences Explaining and Responding to Catastrophe 93. Jean de Venette, CHRONICLE The Effects of the Plague in England 94. Henry Knighton, CHRONICLE Schism, Rebellion, and War The Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism 95. Saint Catherine of Siena, LETTERS A New Challenger to the Papacy’s Authority 96. John Wycliff, CONCERNING THE POPE The Hundred Years’ War and the English Peasant Rebellion 97. Jean Froissart, CHRONICLES OF FRANCE, ENGLAND, ANDNEIGHBORING COUNTRIES To Ransom a King 98. THE FRANC À CHEVAL Social Commentary Disorder in the Court 99. Franco Sacchetti, THREE HUNDRED NOVELLAS Fourteenth-Century English Society 100. Geoffrey Chaucer, THE CANTERBURY TALES The Study of Nature “People Can Encircle the Entire World” 101. THE BOOK OF JOHN MANDEVILLE Does the Earth Revolve on Its Axis? 102. Nicholas Oresme, ON THE BOOK OF THE HEAVENS AND THE WORLD OF ARISTOTLE Chapter 13: The Fifteenth Century: An Age of Rebirth? The Late-Medieval Church and Christian Society Conciliarism: Attack and Counterattack 103. The Council of Constance, HAEC SANCTA and FREQUENS; Pope Pius II, EXECRABILIS Beating the Drum of Unrest 104. Georg Widman, CHRONICLE; A WOODCUT FROM THE NUREMBERG CHRONICLE Joan of Arc: Saint or Witch? Joan of Arc: An Agent of God 105. Christine de Pisan, DITIÉ DE JEHANNE D’ARC Joan of Arc and Other Female Agents of the Devil 106. Johann Nider, FORMICARIUS New Secular Rulers Louis XI: A Character Sketch 107. Philippe de Commynes, MEMOIRS Lorenzo de’ Medici: Character Sketches in Words and Ceramic 108. Francesco Guicciardini, THE HISTORY OF FLORENCE; A BUST OF LORENZO DE’ MEDICI Arts and Letters Which Studies Should a Lady Humanist Pursue? 109. Leonardo Bruni, A TREATISE ON THE STUDY OF LITERATURE Visions of Life and Death 110. Martin Schongauer, THE ADORATION OF THE SHEPHERDS; The Master of the Augustinian Crucifixion, THE CRUCIFIXION New Geographic Horizons The Marvels of Nature 111. Johann Bämler, WONDROUS FOUNTAINS AND PEOPLES A New Colonial Venture into the Atlantic 112. Jean de Béthencourt, V, THE CANARIAN “The Great Victory That Our Lord Has Bestowed Upon My Voyage” 113. Christopher Columbus, LETTER ANNOUNCING THE DISCOVERY Glossary Image Credits Back Cover