Response of Field Crops to Abiotic Stress: Current Status and Future Prospects

Description

Response of Field Crops to Abiotic Stress: Current Status and Future Prospects is a collection of useful scientific resources for students, researchers, and academicians on diverse aspects of abiotic stress responses in field crops. The book provides its readers with a vivid understanding of abiotic stress responses in field crops by covering diverse aspects. It offers exhaustive explanations of the impact and responses of field crops to abiotic stresses. This book offers comprehensive coverage of: • Climate change impact on field crops. • Arsenic and aluminium stress responses in field crops. • Drought, high temperature, and flooding stress responses in field crops. • Salinity and osmotic stress responses in field crops. • Heavy metal stress responses in field crops. • UV stress responses. • Elemental biofortification. • Reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism. • Nutraceutical and human health. • Computational modelling approaches for abiotic stresses in plants. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface Editors Contributors 1. Abiotic Stress Management through Elemental Biofortification in Field Crops 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Heavy Metal Stress 1.3 Salinity Stress 1.4 Drought Stress 1.5 Heat (High Temperature) Stress References 2. Availing Engineered and Biosynthesized Metal-Based Nanoparticles to Alleviate Abiotic Stress Abbreviations 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Can Nanoparticles (NPs) Be the Right Choice? 2.1.2 Engineered and Biosynthesized NPs 2.2 NPs Enable Detection and Alleviation of Abiotic Stress 2.3 Delivery, Absorption, and Translocation of NPs in Plants 2.4 Mitigation of Abiotic Stress Using NPs 2.4.1 NPs and Drought Stress 2.4.2 NPs and Heavy Metal Toxicity 2.4.3 NPs and Heat Stress 2.4.4 NPs and Chilling/Cold Stress 2.4.5 NPs and Flooding Stress 2.4.6 NPs and Salinity Stress 2.4.7 NPs and Other Abiotic Stresses 2.5 Future Perspectives and Scopes References 3. Arsenic Stress Sensitivity, Adaptation, and Mitigation Strategies in Field Crops 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Crop Sensitivity under As Stress 3.3 Molecular Mechanism of Adaptation and Mitigation during As Stress in Crop 3.3.1 In Silico Analysis 3.3.2 Study of Various Transporters/Transcription Factors/Genes in Field Crop 3.3.2.1 Arsenate As(V) Uptake Transporters in Crop Plant 3.3.2.2 Arsenite Uptake Transporters in Crop Plant 3.3.2.3 Arsenic Influx and Efflux Transporters in Crop Plant 3.3.2.4 Genes Involved in As Transformation to Its Various Forms 3.3.2.5 Study of Arsenic Detoxification Genes in Crop Plant 3.3.3 Other Mitigation Strategies 3.3.3.1 Water and Fertilizer Management 3.3.3.2 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) Fungi Mediated As Tolerance in Crops 3.3.3.3 Nanoparticles 3.4 Concluding Remark and Future Prospect References 4. Heavy Metals’ Stress Responses in Field Crops 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Sources and Translocation of HM Pollution from Soil to Crop Plants 4.3 Various Mechanisms Involved in HMs’ Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants 4.3.1 Vacuolar Sequestration 4.3.2 Production of Different Organic Acids 4.3.3 Phyto-Siderophore Biosynthesis 4.4 Strategies to Regulate HM Pollution in Crop Plants 4.4.1 Application of Plant Bio-Regulators 4.4.2 Elemental-Application–Based Management Strategy 4.4.3 Phyto and Eco-Remediation Strategies 4.4.4 Microbial Amendment 4.4.5 Omics (Genomics, Metabolomics and Proteomics) Approaches 4.5 Conclusions and Future Perspective References 5. Chromium Dynamics in Soil-Plant System 5.1 Geochemistry of Chromium 5.2 Chromium in Soil Environment 5.2.1 Natural Presence of Chromium in Rock and Soil 5.2.2 Mobility and Bioavailability of Chromium in Soil 5.2.3 Plant Response to Cr(VI) 5.2.3.1 Plant Uptake and Translocation of Chromium 5.2.3.2 Effects of Chromium on Plants 5.2.3.3 Bioremediation of Chromium References 6. Overview on the Effects of Heavy Metals on the Biological Activities of Leafy Vegetables 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Different Heavy Metals and Their Overall Reactions on Leafy Vegetables 6.2.1 Zinc 6.2.2 Copper 6.2.3 Chromium 6.2.4 Lead 6.2.5 Mercury 6.2.6 Cadmium 6.2.7 Arsenic 6.3 Physiological Responses by Plants 6.3.1 The Response Exhibited by the Transport Proteins 6.3.2 Change in Chlorophyll Content 6.4 The Heavy-Metal-Stress–Induced Signal Transduction Pathways 6.4.1 The Primary and the Initial Line of Defence 6.4.2 Signalling Cascade 6.4.2.1 MAP Kinase Pathway 6.4.2.2 Calcium-Calmodulin Pathway 6.5 The Abrupt Change in the Biological Activities of the Leafy Vegetables and the Secondary Metabolites Produced to Cope Up with the Stress 6.5.1 Role of Hormones Produced 6.5.2 Role of Polyamines 6.5.3 Role of Polyphenols 6.5.3.1 Phenolic Acids 6.5.3.2 Flavonoids 6.5.4 Role of Glutathione as an Antioxidant 6.6 Plant Adaptation Towards Heavy-Metal Stress 6.7 Conclusion References 7. Aluminum Toxicity and Ionic Homeostasis in Plants 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Role of Transporters in Ionic Homeostasis 7.3 Role of Different Ionic Species in Aluminum Stress Response 7.3.1 Boron 7.3.2 Magnesium 7.3.3 Calcium 7.3.4 Phosphorous 7.3.5 Sulfur 7.3.6 Silicon 7.3.7 Nitric Oxide 7.3.8 Iron 7.3.9 Zinc 7.4 Conclusion References 8. Drought and Heat Stress Tolerance in Field Crops: Consequences and Adaptation Strategies 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Drought Stress Tolerance in Field Crops 8.2.1 Signal Transduction in Drought Tolerance 8.2.2 Phytohormones in Drought Stress Tolerance 8.2.3 Osmotic Adjustment in Drought Stress Tolerance 8.2.4 Glyoxalase Pathway in Drought Tolerance 8.2.5 Stress Induced Proteins in Drought Stress Tolerance 8.3 High-Temperature Stress Tolerance in Field Crops 8.3.1 Antioxidants in High-Temperature Stress Tolerance 8.3.2 Role of Phytohormones in High-Temperature Stress Tolerance 8.3.3 Role of HSPs in High-Temperature Stress Tolerance 8.3.4 Omics Approach in Tolerating High-Temperature Stress 8.4 Conclusion References 9. Drought and High-Temperature Stress Tolerance in Field Crops 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Drought and Heat Stress Response on Field Crops 9.2.1 Plant Growth, Architecture and Biomass Partitioning under Drought and High Temperature 9.2.2 CT and Evapotranspiration under Drought and High Temperature 9.2.3 Regulation of Gas Exchange 9.2.4 Regulation in Hydraulic Conductance under Drought and High Temperature 9.3 Approaches to Improve Tolerance to the Combined Effect of Drought and High Temperature 9.4 Strategic Consideration and Future Prospects References 10. Improving Submergence Tolerance in Rice: Recent Progress and Future Perspectives 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Types of Flooding 10.2.1 Anaerobic Germination (AG) 10.2.2 Short-Term Flooding/Flash Flooding 10.2.3 Long-Term Flooding 10.3 Environmental Characterization of Flood Water 10.4 Impact of Submergence Stress on Rice Plant 10.4.1 Stress during Submergence 10.4.2 Stress after De-Submergence/Re-Aeration 10.5 Adaptive Mechanisms to Submergence Stress 10.5.1 Morphological Adaptation 10.5.1.1 Aerenchyma Formation 10.5.1.2 Adventitious Root Formation 10.5.1.3 Leaf Gas Film (LGF) Formation 10.5.1.4 Shoot Elongation 10.5.1.5 Root Traits 10.5.1.6 Coleoptile Elongation during AG 10.5.2 Physiological Adaptation 10.5.2.1 Photosynthesis 10.5.2.2 Chlorophyll 10.5.3 Biochemical Adaptation 10.5.3.1 Hormonal Regulation 10.5.3.2 Carbohydrate Reserves and Energy Metabolism 10.5.3.3 Activation of Alcoholic Fermentation 10.5.3.4 Induction of Anaerobic Proteins 10.5.3.5 Oxidative Metabolism and Antioxidant Defence System 10.5.4 Molecular Adaptation 10.5.4.1 QTLs Related to AG Ability in Rice 10.5.4.2 QTLs in Relation to Rice for Flash Flooding Resistance 10.5.4.3 QTLs Associated with Long Term Flooding Tolerance in Rice 10.6 Marker-Assisted Breeding 10.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects References 11. Salinity and Osmotic Stress in Field Crops: Effects and Way Out 11.1 Introduction 11.1.1 Soil Salinity and Its Effect on Field Crops 11.2 Physiological and Biochemical Mechanisms of Salt Tolerance in Plants 11.2.1 Ion Homeostasis and Compartmentalization 11.2.2 Biosynthesis of Osmoprotectants and Compatible Solutes 11.2.3 Polyamines 11.2.4 Generation of Nitric Oxide (NO) 11.2.5 Biosynthesis of Antioxidant Compounds 11.2.6 Hormone Modulation 11.3 Mitigation Options 11.3.1 Mechanical Approach 11.3.2 Soil and Crop Management Practices 11.3.3 Biological Approach 11.3.3.1 Microbial intervention 11.3.3.2 Phytoremediation 11.3.3.3 Breeding of salt tolerant crops 11.3.3.4 Breeding of salt tolerant crops through genetic engineering 11.3.4 Chemical Approach 11.4 Conclusion and Path Ahead References 12. Compatible Solutes Engineering to Balance Salt (Na[sup(+)])and ROS-Induced Changes in Potassium Homeostasis 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Compatible Solutes in Relation to K[sup(+)] Balance and ROS Homeostasis under Salinity 12.2.1 Proline 12.2.2 Trehalose 12.2.3 Glycine Betaine 12.3 Role of Plant Growth Regulators in Modulating Compatible Solute-Mediated K[sup(+)] Balance 12.3.1 Polyamines 12.3.2 Salicylic Acid 12.3.3 Melatonin 12.4 Compatible Solutes Engineering to Modulate K[sup(+)] Balance and ROS Homeostasis under Salt Stress 12.5 Summary and Conclusions References 13. Metabolomics and Molecular Physiology Perspective for Drought and Salinity Stress Tolerance 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Metabolomics under Abiotic Stress 13.2.1 Plant Metabolomics under Drought Stress 13.2.2 Plant Metabolomics under Salinity Stress 13.2.3 Hormonal Control of Drought and Salinity Tolerance 13.3 Molecular Physiology under Abiotic Stress 13.3.1 Drought-Responsive Molecular Physiology 13.3.2 Salinity Stress-Responsive Molecular Physiology 13.4 Kinases and RNA Metabolism 13.5 Prospecting of Drought and Salt Stress-Responsive Metabolic QTL (mQTLs)/Alleles 13.6 Conclusion Conflict of Interest References 14. Stress in Plants: A Curse in Plant Productivity and Blessing in Food Security 14.1 Introduction 14.2 UV Reception in Plants 14.3 Plant Responses to UV Radiation 14.3.1 Germination 14.4 Physiological Responses UV Radiation Mediated by Photoreceptors 14.4.1 Photosynthesis 14.4.2 Stomatal Opening and Closure 14.5 UV and Plant Ultrastructure 14.6 Mechanism of UV Inhibition and Damage Control 14.7 Use of UV in Crop Improvement 14.8 Application of UV in Disease Control 14.9 Application of UV in Pre and Post-Harvest for Crop Management and Improvement 14.10 Conclusion References 15. Impact of Elevated CO[sub(2)] and O[sub(3)] on Field Crops and Adaptive Strategies through Agro-Technology 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Trends of Atmospheric CO[sub(2)] and Tropospheric O[sub(3)] 15.2.1 Carbon Dioxide Emission and Impact on Global Climate 15.2.2 Ozone: The Background 15.2.2.1 O[sub(3)] Chemistry 15.2.2.2 Surface Ozone Pollution: Past, Present, and Future 15.3 Effect of Elevated CO[sub(2)] and O[sub(3)] on Field Crops 15.3.1 Crop Responses to Elevated CO[sub(2)] 15.3.1.1 Crop Growth and Yield under Elevated CO[sub(2)] 15.3.1.2 Crop Quality under Elevated CO[sub(2)] 15.3.2 Surface O[sub(3)] Exposure and Plant Health 15.3.3 Effect of Elevated CO[sub(2)] and Tropospheric O[sub(3)] Interactions on Crops 15.4 Adaptive Strategies to Elevated CO[sub(2)] and Tropospheric O[sub(3)] 15.5 Conclusion List of Abbreviations References 16. Role of Apetela2 (AP2)/ERF Family Transcription Factors in Stress-Responsive Gene Expression 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Classification 16.2.1 bZIP (Basic Region Leucine-Zipper) Proteins 16.2.2 MYB Proteins 16.2.3 The HD Proteins 16.2.4 The MADS-Box Domain-Containing Transcription Factor 16.2.5 Proteins with Zinc-Containing Motifs 16.2.6 The HMG (High Mobility Group)-Box Containing Proteins 16.2.7 Heat Shock Factors (HSFs) 16.2.8 The AP2/ERF Proteins 16.3 The AP2/ERF Transcription Factor Superfamily 16.4 AP2/ERF Domain Structure 16.5 Phylogenetic Tree of the AP2/ERF Family Transcription Factors 16.6 Cis-Acting Elements in Stress-Responsive Gene Expression 16.7 Stress Responses by AP2/ERF Transcription Factors 16.7.1 DREB1/CBF (Subgroup A-1) under Cold Stress Tolerance 16.7.2 Non-Cold-Inducible DREB1s/CBFs under Abiotic Stress 16.7.3 DREB2 Subgroup under Dehydration and Heat Shock 16.7.4 Post-Transcriptional Regulation of DREB2s Underwater and High Temperature Stress 16.7.5 A-3 Subgroup 16.7.6 A-4 Subgroup 16.7.7 A-5 Subgroup 16.7.8 A-6 Subgroup 16.8 DREB1s/CBFs, DREB2s, and Other Transcription Factors 16.9 ERF Subfamily Members in Abiotic Stress Responses 16.10 Validation of a Transcription Factor That Responds to Drought and ABA 16.11 Conclusion References 17. Impact of Climate Change on Productivity of Field Crops 17.1 Climate Change – World Scenario 17.2 Milestones of Extreme Weather Worldwide 17.3 Changes Observed in Climatic Variables That Are Related to Crop Production 17.4 Components of Climate Change References 18. Impact of Climate Change on Growth and Productivity of Major Field Crops 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Climate Change Impacts on Growth and Productivity of Major Cereals 18.2.1 Rice 18.2.1.1 Adaptation Options 18.2.2 Wheat 18.2.2.1 Adaptation Options 18.2.3 Maize 18.2.3.1 Adaptation Options 18.3 Effect of Climate Change on Growth and Yield of Major Fibre Crops 18.3.1 Jute 18.3.1.1 Adaptation Options 18.3.2 Cotton 18.3.2.1 Mitigation Options 18.4 Effect of Climate Change on Growth and Yield of Major Pulse Crops 18.4.1 High-Temperature Stress 18.4.2 Low-Temperature Stress 18.4.3 Rainfall 18.4.3.1 Adaptation Options 18.5 Effect of Climate Change on Growth and Yield of Major Oilseed Crops 18.5.1 Groundnut 18.5.2 Soybean 18.5.3 Rapeseed and Mustard 18.5.3.1 Adaptation Options 18.6 Conclusion References 19. Growth, Physiology, Yield, and Yield Attributes of Lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) with Reference to Abiotic Stresses 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Physiological Frame Work 19.2.1 Crop Establishment and Development 19.2.2 Crop Phenology: Vegetative and Reproductive Growth 19.3 Yield Attributes and Yield 19.4 Responses of Lentil to Abiotic Stress 19.4.1 High Temperature Stress 19.4.2 Reproductive Growth 19.4.3 Quality of Seed 19.4.4 Low-Temperature Stress 19.4.5 Waterlogging Stress 19.4.6 Salt Stress 19.4.7 Drought 19.5 Lentil Genomics and Its Application in Crop Improvement 19.6 Crop Simulation Models 19.7 Significance of Lentil under Climate Change 19.8 Future Line of Works Acknowledgement Reference 20. Micropropagation for Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants: An Overview 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Somaclonal Variation 20.3 Abiotic Stress Tolerant of Plants in in vitro Selection 20.3.1 Drought Stress 20.3.2 Cold 20.3.3 Salt 20.3.4 Heat 20.3.5 Toxin 20.4 Crop Plants and Biotic Stresses 20.5 Conclusion References 21. Specialty Traditional Rice Landraces: Its Nutraceutical and Therapeutic Potentiality for Human Health 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Rice Grain Structure and Characterization 21.3 Rice Grain Quality and Effects of Stress 21.4 Use of Different Metabolomic Approaches for Rice Grain Quality Assessment 21.5 Nutritional Composition and Health Benefit of Rice 21.5.1 Carbohydrate 21.5.2 Lipid 21.5.3 Protein 21.5.4 Vitamins 21.5.5 Metal Micronutrients 21.5.6 Volatile and Aroma Compounds 21.5.7 Bioactive Phytochemicals 21.6 Unique rice landraces with nutraceutical potentiality 21.6.1 Black Rice as a Potent Nutraceutical 21.6.2 Some Selected Research Studies on the Nutraceutical Potentialities of Specialty Rice Landraces 21.7 Conservation of Rice-Genetic Diversity 21.8 Conclusion Acknowledgments Conflict of Interest References 22. Computational Modeling and in silico Approaches in Understanding Abiotic Stress Responses in Field Crops 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Databases 22.3 Working with Sequences 22.4 Working with Structures and Structural Quality Assessment 22.5 Gene Expression Data Analyses 22.6 Other Tools 22.7 Discussions References 23. Flood Stress Prevalence and Assessment of Farmers’ Preparedness with Resilient Rice Varieties: A Review in Context of Eastern India 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Floodplains and Their Distribution 23.3 Flooding Types and Extent of Losses 23.3.1 Types of Flooding 23.3.1.1 Flash Flooding 23.3.1.2 Stagnant Flooding 23.3.1.3 Deep-Water Flooding 23.3.2 Extent of Crop Damage Due to Flood Stress 23.4 Mechanism of Flood Tolerance in Rice 23.4.1 Quiescence and Escape Strategies 23.4.2 Flooding Tolerance Mechanism 23.4.2.1 Tolerance Mechanism at Seed Germination Level 23.4.2.2 Tolerance Mechanism at Vegetative Stage 23.4.2.3 Tolerance Mechanism at Stagnant Flooding 23.4.2.4 Tolerance Mechanism at Deep-Water Flooding 23.5 Traditional Flood-TolerantRice Varieties 23.6 Rice Varietal Improvement for Flood Tolerance 23.6.1 Conventional Breeding Approaches 23.6.1.1 Identification of Flood-Tolerant Genetic Resources at Germination 23.6.1.2 Identification of Genetic Resources for Flooding Tolerance at Post Germination Stage 23.6.1.3 Identification of Genetic Resources for Flash Flooding Tolerance 23.6.1.4 Identification of Genetic Resources for Stagnant Flooding Tolerance 23.6.2 Modern Breeding Approaches 23.6.2.1 Molecular Markers and QTL for Flooding Tolerance 23.6.2.2 Marker-Assisted Breeding 23.6.2.3 Genome-Wide Association Mapping 23.7 Improved Flood-Tolerant Rice Varieties and Their Dissemination 23.7.1 Breeder Seed Indent Reflection 23.7.2 Innovation in Varietal Positioning 23.7.2.1 On-Farm Trials 23.7.2.2 Cluster Demonstration 23.7.2.3 Varietal Cafeteria 23.8 Adoption Dynamics and Farmers’ Preference for Improved Rice Varieties 23.8.1 Seed Scaling: A Case Study on Sub1 Varieties in Odisha, India 23.8.1.1 Swarna-Sub1 23.8.1.2 BINA dhan 11 23.8.1.3 CR 1009-Sub1 23.8.2 Dissemination Learning from Odisha Initiative 23.9 Future Perspectives 23.9.1 Product Management, Positioning, and Sustained Adoption 23.9.2 Multicomponent Stress-Tolerant Variety Development 23.9.3 Use of Remote Sensing and Eco-Spatial Modeling for Targeting 23.9.4 Stress Molecular Sensing and Signaling 23.10 Conclusion References 24. Determination and Quantification of Chemical Pollutants by Spectroscopic Techniques: A Possible Use in Chemical Analysis of Food Crops under Stress 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-VIS) and Fluorescence Spectroscopy 24.2.1 UV-VIS 24.2.2 Fluorescence Spectroscopy 24.2.3 FTIR 24.2.3.1 Basic Principle 24.2.4 Raman Spectroscopy 24.2.5 AAS 24.2.6 ICP-MS 24.2.7 ICP-MS Applications 24.3 Spectroscopic Applications in Pollutant Determination 24.3.1 Technique for Evaluating of the Overall Quality of Olive Oil by Using Fluorescence Spectroscopy 24.3.2 Identification of Wheat Varieties Using FTIR Spectroscopy 24.4 Applications of Spectroscopy in Various Agricultural Processes 24.4.1 Applications of FTIR Spectroscopy in Microplastic Pollution Detection 24.4.2 Estimation of Organic Pollution in Rivers Using Fluorescence and Absorption Spectroscopy 24.4.3 Measuring Mercury as a Pollutant Using AAS 24.5 Conclusions Acknowledgement References Index