Multifaceted Bio-sensing Technology

Description

Multifaceted Bio-sensing Technology introduces the different types of biosensors, their construction materials, configurations, production methods, and their uses in bioelectrochemical fuel cells (BEFC). It focuses on recent progress in the production of biosensing platforms/interfaces, their integration, design and fabrication, and their multifaceted applications in bioelectrochemical systems. The chapters explore the integration of genetic elements such as DNA, enzymes, and whole cells within these systems, and address environmental applications including wastewater contaminant detection, toxicity, and bioremediation. Throughout, the book shows how rapid, minuscule, and affordable biocomponents can be produced for a variety of energy and environmental applications. This book provides a practical introduction to the production of biocomponents for bioelectrochemical devices and environmental monitoring, and will be a useful reference for graduates and researchers involved in the application of bioelectrochemical systems, as well as those working more broadly in bioenergy, electrochemistry, biology, environmental engineering, and multidisciplinary research across those areas. Front cover Half title Full title Copyright CONTENTS Contributors Editors’ biographies Chapter 1 - Introduction to sensors and types of biosensors 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Classification of sensor 1.3 Biosensors 1.3.1 Working principle of a biosensor 1.3.2 Features of a biosensor 1.3.3 General characteristics of a biosensor 1.3.4 Chemosensor versus biosensor 1.3.5 Applications of biosensor 1.3.6 Advantages of biosensors 1.3.7 Disadvantages of biosensors 1.4 Types of biosensors 1.5 Conclusion Acknowledgement References Chapter 2 - Progress and prospects of sensors 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Sensors 2.1.2 Classification of sensors 2.2 Introduction to biosensors 2.2.1 Development of biosensors 2.2.2 Evolution of biosensors 2.3 Main components of biosensors 2.4 Characteristics of biosensors 2.5 Classification of biosensors 2.5.1 Based on type of bioreceptor 2.5.2 Based on transducer 2.6 Applications of biosensors 2.7 Conclusions References Chapter 3 - Fundamentals of sensors and biosensors: An overview 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 Design of a sensor 3.1.2 Classification of sensor 3.2 Biosensor 3.2.1 History 3.2.2 Components of a biosensor 3.2.2.1 Transducer 3.2.2.2 Bio-recognition elements 3.3 Types of biosensors 3.3.1 Based on transducer 3.3.1.1 Electrochemical biosensors Amperometric Potentiometric Voltammetric 3.3.1.2 Optical biosensors 3.3.1.3 Piezoelectric biosensors 3.3.1.4 Thermometric biosensors 3.3.2 Based on bio-recognition element 3.3.2.1 Immunosensors 3.3.2.2 DNA sensors 3.3.2.3 Enzyme sensors 3.3.2.4 Cell-based biosensors 3.3.2.5 Aptamer-based sensors 3.4 Advantages of biosensors in different field 3.4.1 Health industry 3.4.2 Food industry 3.4.3 Agriculture industry 3.4.4 Smart cities development 3.4.5 Defense industry 3.4.6 In environmental study 3.5 Conclusion References Chapter 4 - Prospect of environmental application of bioelectrochemical sensing 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Principles of BESs 4.3 Extracellular electron transfer (EET) 4.4 Direct electron transfer (DET) via electroactive microbes 4.5 Mediated electron transfer (MET) 4.6 Bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) 4.7 Classification of BESs 4.7.1 Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) 4.7.2 Microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) 4.7.3 Microbial electrosynthesis (MESs) 4.7.4 Microbial desalination cells (MDCs) 4.7.5 Microbial solar cells (MSCs) 4.7.6 Enzymatic biofuel cells (EFCs) 4.8 BESs as a pollution detection biosensor 4.8.1 Acetate detection 4.8.2 Chromium detection 4.8.3 Iron and magnesium detection 4.9 BESs for environmental remediation 4.9.1 Carbon dioxide (CO2) 4.9.2 Nutrients 4.9.3 Wastewater treatment of textile industry 4.10 Conclusion and future outlook References Chapter 5 - Potential and practical applications of bioelectrochemical sensors 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Background 5.1.2 Working principle of biosensors 5.2 Electrochemical biosensors 5.2.1 Measurement techniques for electrochemical biosensors 5.2.1.1 Amperometry 5.2.1.2 Potentiometric 5.2.1.3 Voltammetry 5.2.1.4 Impedimetry 5.2.2 Types of electrochemical biosensors 5.2.2.1 Biocatalytic biosensors Enzyme-based electrodes Interference-based enzyme electrodes Biosensors based on tissue and bacteria 5.2.2.2 Affinity biosensor Immunoassays and immunosensors DNA hybridization biosensors Biosensors based on receptors 5.3 Recognition elements for biosensor 5.3.1 Antibodies 5.3.2 Enzymes 5.3.3 Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) 5.3.4 Whole cells 5.3.5 Nucleic acids 5.3.6 Locked nucleic acids (LNAs) 5.3.7 Antibody fragments 5.3.8 Receptors 5.3.9 Lectins 5.3.10 Proteins/peptides 5.3.11 Aptamers 5.3.12 Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) 5.4 Conclusion References CHAPTER 6 - Biochemical interfaces for bioelectrochemical sensors 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Biosensors 6.3 Biointerface 6.4 Urease bioelectrochemical sensor 6.4.1 Fabrication of bioelectrochemical sensor 6.4.2 Detection of concentration of urea by electrochemical method 6.5 Electrochemical enzyme biosensors 6.6 Electrochemical aptamer biosensor 6.7 Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors 6.8 Tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) 6.9 Advances in the applications of the bioelectrochemical sensors 6.10 Electrochemical detection techniques 6.10.1 Amperometric devices 6.10.2 Potentiometric devices 6.10.3 Conductometric devices 6.11 Key challenges for bioelectrochemical interface References Chapter 7 - Challenges and future prospects in bioelectrochemical sensors 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Some applications of bio electrochemical sensors 7.2.1 In clinical diagnosis 7.2.1.1 Glucose detection 7.2.1.2 Pathogen detection 7.2.1.3 Nitric oxide (NO) sensor 7.2.2 In protein and food analysis 7.3 Challenges in devices 7.3.1 Low limit detection (LOD) 7.3.2 Wear resistance and reusability 7.3.3 Matrix effect 7.3.4 Stability 7.4 Challenges in characterization 7.4.1 Optical spectroscopies 7.4.2 Optical microscopy 7.4.3 Fluorescence microscopy 7.4.4 Scanning probe microscopy 7.4.5 Surface analysis challenges 7.4.6 Signal accuracy (false positives and false negatives) 7.5 Future prospects References Chapter 8 - Recent advances in bioelectroanalytical sensors based on molecularly imprinted polymeric surfaces 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Molecularly imprinting technology 8.2.1 Non-covalent approach 8.2.2 Covalent approach 8.2.3 Semi-covalent approach 8.2.3.1 Template 8.2.3.2 Functional monomers 8.2.3.3 Cross linkers 8.2.3.4 Initiators 8.2.3.5 Solvent 8.3 Synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymers 8.3.1 Free radical polymerization 8.3.2 Controlled radical polymerization by reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer agents 8.3.2.1 Solution polymerization 8.3.2.2 Bulk polymerization 8.3.2.3 Emulsion polymerization 8.3.2.4 Suspension polymerization 8.3.2.5 Inverse suspension polymerization 8.3.2.6 Multi-step swelling polymerization 8.3.2.7 Precipitation polymerization 8.3.2.8 Surface imprinting polymerization 8.3.2.9 Monolithic imprinted polymerization 8.4 Principles behind MIP-based sensors: theoretical aspects 8.5 Recent developments in bioelectrochemical sensors based on MIP surfaces 8.6 Molecularly imprinted polymers: the challenges 8.6.1 Stability 8.6.2 Penetrability and rigidity 8.6.3 Swelling 8.6.4 Template retainment after washing 8.6.5 Selection of functional monomers 8.7 Solutions to the problems 8.8 Conclusion References Chapter 9 - Electrochemical cyclic voltametric and kinetics of vanillin formation over TiMMO electrodes from agroresidue b ... 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Experimental 9.2.1 Materials 9.2.2 Electrooxidation experiments 9.2.3 S/G ratio 9.2.4 Analytical methods 9.3 Results and discussion 9.3.1 BL characteristics 9.3.2 S/G ratio by alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation 9.3.3 Lignin degradation 9.3.4 Vanillin degradation 9.3.5 Vanillin formation 9.3.6 Kinetic model 9.3.7 Cyclic voltammetry (CV) 9.4 Conclusion Acknowledgement References Chapter 10 - Biosensors as recognition tool for bioelements 10.1 Working of biosensor 10.2 Transducer-based biosensors 10.2.1 Electrochemical biosensors 10.2.1.1 Amperometric biosensors 10.2.1.2 First generation biosensors 10.2.1.3 Second generation biosensors 10.2.1.4 Third generation biosensors 10.2.1.5 Potentiometric biosensor 10.2.1.6 Impedimetric biosensor 10.2.1.7 Voltammetric biosensor 10.2.2 Optical biosensors 10.2.3 Magnetic biosensors 10.2.4 Thermal or calorimetric biosensors 10.2.5 Piezoelectric biosensors 10.2.6 Nanobiosensor 10.3 Analyte-based biosensors 10.3.1 Affinity-based biosensors 10.3.1.1 Nucleic acid/DNA biosensors 10.3.1.2 Immunosensors 10.3.1.3 Cell and tissue-based biosensors 10.3.1.4 Ion channel biosensors 10.3.2 Catalytic biosensors 10.3.2.1 Enzyme biosensors 10.3.2.2 Microbial biosensors 10.3.2.3 Microbial fuel cells (MFCs)/BOD sensor 10.3.2.4 Baroxymeter sensors 10.3.2.5 Infrared analyzer 10.3.2.6 Biological biosensors 10.4 Applications of biosensor in environmental monitoring 10.4.1 Pesticides monitoring 10.4.1.1 Organophosphorous pesticides 10.4.1.2 Other pesticides 10.4.1.3 Pathogens 10.4.1.4 Potentially toxic elements 10.4.1.5 Toxins 10.4.1.6 Environmental screening 10.4.1.7 Other applications 10.5 Future Perspectives References Chapter 11 - Comprehensive chemistry for electrochemical enzyme biosensors 11.1 Introduction 11.1.1 Enzymes for biosensors 11.1.1.1 Oxidoreductases 11.1.1.2 Hydrolases 11.1.2 Electrochemical biosensor’s generations 11.1.2.1 First-generation biosensor 11.1.2.2 Second-generation biosensor 11.1.2.3 Third-generation biosensor 11.1.3 Enzyme immobilization 11.1.3.1 Covalent bonding Activation of carboxylic group on support materials Activation of amine group on support materials Activation of hydroxy group on support materials Gold support materials 11.1.3.2 Crosslinking 11.1.3.3 Adsorption L ayer-by-layer deposition Electrochemical doping 11.1.3.4 Affinity bonding Chelating agent-metal ion-(poly)histidine Biotin-(strept) avidin Lectin-carbohydrate 11.1.3.5 Entrapment Electropolymerization Photopolymerization Sol-gel process 11.1.4 Conducting organic polymer References CHAPTER 12 - Development of paper biosensors using enzyme immobilized nanostructures using printing electronics 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Biosensors 12.3 Classification of biosensors 12.4 Structure of biosensors 12.5 Enzymes 12.6 Enzyme immobilization 12.7 Low-cost alternate substrate 12.8 Functional materials 12.9 Printing of functional materials 12.10 Applications of enzyme immobilized printed paper biosensor 12.11 Food safety 12.12 Medical diagnostic 12.13 Conclusions 12.14 Future scope References CHAPTER 13 - Scaffold assisted synthesized metallic and semiconductor nanowires for electrochemical biosensing applications 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Synthesis of nanowires 13.3 Electrochemical biosensing applications 13.3.1 Detection/sensing of glutamate in food products 13.3.2 Biosensor for glucose detection 13.3.3 Uric acid biosensor 13.3.4 Immunosensor for sensing of nuclear matrix protein-22 (NMP-22) 13.3.5 Electrochemical glucose biosensors References Chapter 14 - Biomedical applications of bioelectrochemical sensors 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Types of electrochemical biosensors 14.3 Biomedical applications of electrochemical biosensors 14.3.1 Measurement and monitoring of key analytes of human physiological fluids 14.3.1.1 Glucose 14.3.1.2 Cholesterol 14.3.1.3 Lactic acid 14.3.1.4 Uric acid 14.3.1.5 Creatinine 14.3.1.6 Ketone bodies 14.3.1.7 Haemoglobin (Hb) 14.3.2 Neurological transmitters 14.3.2.1 Glutamate (L-glutamic acid) 14.3.2.2 Acetylcholine (ACh) 14.3.2.3 Catecholamine (dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine) 14.3.2.4 Soluble gases 14.3.2.4.1 Nitric oxide (NO) 14.3.2.4.2 Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) 14.3.3 Drug delivery 14.3.4 Biomedical engineering and technology References Index Back cover