Space Habitats and Habitability - Designing for Isolated and Confined Environments on Earth and in Space

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Foreword Preface Objective of the Book How This Book Came into the World Sheryl´s Story Sandra´s Story Towards a Habitability for Humanity Acknowledgements Contents About the Authors Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 The Unforgiving Environment 1.2 Defining Habitability 1.2.1 Elements of Habitability 1.3 The Cost of (Not Including) Habitability 1.4 Basic Assumptions References Chapter 2: Habitability: From Place to Space 2.1 Habitability as PLACE 2.2 From Exposure to Experience 2.2.1 The Early Years: Moving from Pure Exposure to Experience Through Chamber Research 2.2.2 Seeking Real Risk, Isolation and Confinement Through Operational Habitats in Isolated and/or Extreme Environments References Chapter 3: Habitability as SPACE 3.1 A Paradigm Shift Within Habitability Analogue Research 3.2 Identifying the `Relevant´ Habitability Issues for Extraterrestrial Environments 3.2.1 Experience Commonalities Among Extreme Environments 3.2.2 Move from Short Duration Missions to Long Duration Missions 3.3 Habitability Design as Countermeasure: Addressing the Negative Effects of ICEs 3.4 How to Evaluate and Prove Effectiveness: Operational Versus Research Simulation Facilities 3.5 The Challenge of Future Missions References Chapter 4: Review: Studies and Architecture of Habitability Missions in Mockups and Simulated Environments 4.1 Increasing Fidelity for Habitability Studies 4.2 Early Missions: Arctic Expeditions with Fram 4.2.1 Fram Architecture and Design 4.2.2 Habitability, Experiences and Lessons Learned 4.3 Habitability Missions in MOCKUPS and SIMULATED Environments 4.3.1 Biodome Missions: Closed Ecosystems 4.3.1.1 Bios-3 4.3.1.2 Biosphere 2 4.3.2 The IBMP Facility 4.3.3 Human Exploration Research Analogue (HERA) 4.4 Summary of Habitability Missions in MOCKUPS and SIMULATED Environments References Chapter 5: Review: Studies and Architecture of Habitability Missions in In-Situ Environments 5.1 Habitability Studies in Terrestrial In-Situ Environments 5.1.1 Underwater Research Laboratories 5.1.1.1 Conshelf I-II 5.1.1.2 Tektite I-II 5.1.1.2.1 Facility Architecture and Design 5.1.1.2.2 Habitability Studies, Experiences and Lessons Learned 5.1.1.3 Aquarius and NASA Extreme Environment Mission Operations (NEEMO) 5.1.1.3.1 Facility Architecture and Design 5.1.1.3.2 Habitability Studies, Experiences and Lessons Learned 5.1.2 Antarctic Research Stations 5.1.2.1 Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station 5.1.2.1.1 Facility Architecture and Design 5.1.2.1.2 Habitability Studies, Experiences and Lessons Learned 5.1.2.2 Vostok Station 5.1.2.2.1 Facility Architecture and Design 5.1.2.2.2 Habitability Studies, Experiences and Lessons Learned 5.1.2.3 Concordia Research Station 5.1.2.3.1 Facility Architecture and Design 5.1.2.3.2 Habitability Studies, Experiences and Lessons Learned 5.1.3 Other Terrestrial Facilities 5.1.3.1 Haughton-Mars Project (HMP) 5.1.3.1.1 Facility Architecture and Design 5.1.3.1.2 Habitability Studies, Experiences and Lessons Learned 5.1.3.2 Flashline Mars Arctic Research Station (FMARS) 5.1.3.2.1 Facility Architecture and Design 5.1.3.2.2 Habitability Studies, Experiences and Lessons Learned 5.1.3.3 Mars Desert Research Station (MDRS) 5.1.3.3.1 Facility Architecture and Design 5.1.3.3.2 Habitability Studies, Experiences and Lessons Learned 5.1.3.4 HI-SEAS 5.1.3.4.1 Facility Architecture and Design 5.1.3.4.2 Habitability Studies, Experiences and Lessons Learned 5.2 Habitability Studies in Extraterrestrial In-Situ Environments 5.2.1 Salyut Space Station 5.2.1.1 Facility Architecture and Design 5.2.1.2 Habitability Studies, Experiences and Lessons Learned 5.2.2 Skylab Space Station 5.2.2.1 Facility Architecture and Design 5.2.2.2 Habitability Studies, Experiences and Lessons Learned 5.2.3 Mir Space Station 5.2.3.1 Facility Architecture and Design 5.2.3.2 Habitability Studies, Experiences and Lessons Learned 5.2.4 Spacelab Module 5.2.4.1 Facility Architecture and Design 5.2.4.2 Habitability Studies, Experiences and Lessons Learned 5.2.5 The International Space Station (ISS) 5.2.5.1 Facility Architecture and Design 5.2.5.2 Habitability Studies, Experiences and Lessons Learned 5.3 Summary of Habitability Studies in In-Situ Environments References Chapter 6: Projections 6.1 Life in Extreme Environments 6.2 The Survey 6.2.1 The Participants 6.2.2 The ICEs 6.3 Individual Reflections on Habitability by the Inhabitants 6.3.1 Experienced Challenges of the Living Space 6.3.1.1 Controlled/Laboratory Simulation HABs (Fig. 6.4) 6.3.1.2 In-Situ HABs (Fig. 6.5) 6.3.1.3 SPACE HABs (Fig. 6.6) 6.3.2 Experienced Positive Impacts of the Living Space 6.3.2.1 Controlled/Laboratory Simulation HABs (Fig. 6.7) 6.3.2.2 In-Situ HABs (Fig. 6.8) 6.3.2.3 SPACE HABs (Fig. 6.9) 6.3.3 How Future Extraterrestrial Habitats Might Differ (Fig. 6.10) 6.3.4 The Three most Desirable Characteristics of Future Living Spaces 6.3.5 What Would You Take? 6.3.6 Other Important Aspects Related to Habitability Reference Chapter 7: Looking Forward: How to Convert a Tin Can into a Home: Exploring Solutions to Selected Dimensions of (Socio-Spatial... 7.1 Introduction: Can We Build THE Perfect Habitat? 7.2 Designing for the `Best Fit´ Person 7.2.1 AhhMission + Personality! 7.2.2 PLUS the EXPERIENCE of the Environment!! 7.2.3 Summary 7.3 What You Take Is What You Have: Limited Space, Limited Resources and Limited People! 7.3.1 The Question of `Adequate Volume´ 7.3.2 Limited Space = Limited Availability! 7.3.3 Microgravity = New Spaces 7.3.4 Making the Most of all Resources 7.3.5 Designing for a Limited Social Environment 7.3.6 Summary 7.4 Camping Versus Residing 7.4.1 Living in McMurdo Station 7.4.2 The Early Days of American Astronauts on Mir 7.4.3 Summary 7.5 Looking out and Looking in: What Makes Us Feel Confined? 7.5.1 Crowdedness: Too Much, Too Close! 7.5.1.1 Terrestrial Examples: Antarctica and Aquarius 7.5.1.1.1 Antarctica 7.5.1.1.2 Aquarius 7.5.1.2 Orbital Examples: Mir and ISS 7.5.2 A Lack of Stimuli: Monotony and Boredom 7.5.3 Stretching Boundaries 7.5.4 Summary 7.6 Bringing our Own Green: Lack of Natural Elements 7.6.1 Fractal Geometry and Bionomic Design: Unraveling the Mystery of Greenery! 7.6.2 Surrogate Views: The Potential of Individual Plant Systems 7.6.3 Summary 7.7 Space Roommates: Social Logic of Space 7.7.1 When the Need for Privacy Becomes a Territorial Issue 7.7.2 Zoning out Social Conflicts: When Little Things Become Big Things 7.7.3 The Path to a Person´s Heart Is Through Their Stomach, Fine Manners Help 7.7.4 Friendship, Intimacy and Sex 7.7.5 Summary 7.8 Habitats for Humanity: Crafting Our Home Among the Stars References Index