Industrial Inorganic Chemistry

Description

Industrial Inorganic Chemistry adds to the previously published graduate level textbooks on Industrial Chemistry by Mark A. Benvenuto. It focuses specifically on inorganic processes, from the largest industrial process for the production of major inorganic chemicals and metals, down to and including smaller niche processes that have become extremely important in maintaining the current quality of life. The book provides a survey on the production of essential elements and compounds, such as sulfuric acid, calcium carbonate, fertilizers as well as numerous metals and alloys. In addition to the fundamental scientific principles each chapter includes discussions on the environmental impacts: mining of raw materials, creation of by-products, pollution, and waste generation, all of which have become key factors for the potential implementation of greener methods. The author also highlights ways in which industry has begun to make industrial inorganic processes more environmentally benign. Examines major inorganic chemistry processes, their effect on every-day life and current efforts to improve processes or adapt „green“ chemical production. Provides didactic links between theoretical lecture contents and current, largescale chemical processes. Valuable for students of Inorganic Chemistry, Industrial Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Sciences. - connects what students learn in class to real, large-scale chemistry - examines major inorganic chemistry processes in industry: their effect on every-day life and the industry efforts to improve processes or "green" chemical production Preface Contents 1 Overview and Introduction to Industrial Inorganic Processes 2 Sulfuric Acid Production, Uses, Derivatives 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Sulfur sourcing 2.3 Sulfuric acid, methods of production 2.4 Sulfuric acid, annual volume of production 2.5 Sulfuric acid uses 2.6 Derivatives 2.6.1 Sulfur dioxide 2.6.2 Sulfur trioxide 2.6.3 Hydrogen sulfide gas 2.6.4 Sodium sulfide 2.6.5 Carbon disulfide 2.6.6 Sulfur chlorides 2.6.7 Thionyl chloride 2.6.8 Sulfuryl chloride 2.6.9 Chlorosulfonic acid (or, chlorosulfuric acid) 2.6.10 Sodium thiosulfate 2.6.11 Ammonium thiosulfate 2.6.12 Sodium dithionite 2.6.13 Sodium hydroxymethylsulfinate 2.6.14 Sodium hydrosulfide 2.7 Recycling 3 Industrial Gases, Isolation, and Uses 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Uses 3.2.1 Oxygen 3.2.2 Nitrogen 3.2.3 Argon 3.2.4 Carbon Dioxide 3.2.5 Hydrogen 3.2.6 Helium 3.2.7 Neon 3.2.8 Krypton 3.2.9 Xenon 3.3 Recycling 4 Nitrogen-Based Inorganic Compounds 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Ammonia 4.3 Ammonium nitrate 4.4 Nitric acid 4.5 Urea 4.6 Ammonium sulfate 4.7 Hydrazine 4.8 Nitrogen Pollution 4.9 Recycling 5 Fertilizers 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Nitrogen based 5.3 Phosphorus based 5.4 Potassium-containing 5.5 Mixed Fertilizers and the NPK Rating System 5.6 Recycling and Re-use 6 Calcium and Limestone-Based Products 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Lime 6.2.1 Lime production 6.2.2 Lime uses 6.3 Sodium Carbonate (or: Soda Ash) 6.4 Calcium chloride 6.5 Limestone-based construction materials 6.6 Recycling 7 Sodium Chloride 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Sodium Chloride Recovery and Production 7.2.1 Production and Recovery Methods 7.2.2 Direct Uses for Salt 7.3 Major Chemicals Produced from Salt 7.3.1 Sodium hydroxide 7.3.2 Sodium metal and chlorine 7.3.3 Hydrochloric acid 7.3.4 Titanium dioxide 7.3.5 Sodium chlorate 7.3.6 Sodium silicate 7.4 Recycling and Re-use 8 Fluorine, Fluorite, and Fluorine-Based Materials 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Calcium fluoride production 8.3 Fluorine Isolation 8.4 Metspar and acidspar 8.5 Hydrofluoric acid 8.6 Teflon 8.7 Perfluorooctanoic Acid 8.8 Fluorine-containing fibers 8.9 Teflon and Fluorine-containing Fiber Uses 8.10 Recycling and Re-use 9 Borderline Inorganics–Organics 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Carbon Black (or: Channel Black, Colloidal Black, Furnace Black, and Thermal Black) 9.2.1 Carbon Black Production 9.2.2 Carbon Black Uses 9.2.3 Carbon Black, Recycling, and Re-Use 9.3 Sodium tri-poly-phosphate 9.3.1 STPP Production 9.3.2 STPP Uses 9.3.3 STPP Recycling and Re-use 9.4 Borax and Borates 9.4.1 Borax Production 9.4.2 Borax Uses 9.4.3 Borax Re-use and Recycling 9.5 Asphalt 9.5.1 Asphalt Source Materials, Formulas, and Production 9.5.2 Asphalt Uses 9.5.3 Asphalt Re-Use and Recycling 10 Water 10.1 Introduction and Sources 10.2 Purification 10.2.1 Desalination 10.2.2 Sewage Treatment 10.2.3 Water Conservation 10.3 High purity, uses 10.4 Uses, residential 10.5 Uses, industrial 10.6 Recycling 11 Iron and Steel 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Ore Sources 11.3 Current iron production 11.4 Steel production 11.5 Uses of Iron and Steel 11.6 By-product Production 11.7 Recycling 12 Aluminum 12.1 Introduction and History 12.2 Bauxite sources 12.3 Aluminum Production Methods 12.3.1 Alumina production 12.3.2 Aluminum Refining 12.4 Major industrial uses 12.5 Lightweight alloys 12.6 By-products 12.7 Recycling 13 Copper 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Ore sources 13.3 Production methods 13.4 Major industrial uses 13.4.1 Wiring 13.4.2 Piping 13.4.3 Coinage 13.5 Brass 13.6 Bronze 13.7 Other copper alloys 13.8 By-products 13.9 Recycling and Re-Use 14 Other Major metals for industrial use 14.1 Titanium 14.1.1 Sources 14.1.2 Titanium Dioxide Production 14.1.3 Uses 14.1.4 Recycling 14.2 Chromium 14.2.1 Chromium sources 14.2.2 Uses of chromium 14.2.3 Recycling 14.3 Mercury 14.3.1 Sources of mercury 14.3.2 Uses of mercury 14.3.3 Recycling of mercury 14.4 Gold 14.4.1 Sources of gold 14.4.2 Uses of gold 14.4.3 Recycling 14.5 Silver 14.5.1 Silver Production 14.5.2 Silver Uses 14.5.3 Recycling 14.6 Lead 14.6.1 Lead sources 14.6.2 Lead extraction chemistry 14.6.3 Lead Uses 14.6.4 Lead recycling 14.7 Tin 14.7.1 Tin Sources 14.7.2 Tin Production 14.7.3 Tin Uses 14.7.4 Tin Recycling 14.8 Platinum Group Metals (PGM) 14.8.1 PGM Sources 14.8.2 PGM Production 14.8.3 PGM Uses 14.8.4 PGM Recycling 14.9 Technetium 14.9.1 Technetium Sources and Production 14.9.2 Technetium Uses 14.9.3 Technetium Recycling and Re-Use 14.10 Tantalum and niobium 14.10.1 Tantalum and Niobium Sources 14.10.2 Tantalum and Niobium Production 14.10.3 Tantalum and Niobium Uses 14.10.4 Tantalum and Niobium Recycling 14.11 Amalgams 15 Rare Earth Elements 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Isolation and production 15.3 Rare Earth Element Purification 15.3.1 Yttrium isolation 15.3.2 Isolation of Rare Earth Elemental Metals 15.4 Rare Earth Element Uses 15.4.1 Alloys 15.4.2 Magnets 15.4.3 Batteries 15.4.4 Catalysts 15.4.5 Petroleum Refining 15.4.6 Polishing Materials 15.4.7 Glasses and Glass Mixes 15.4.8 Ceramics 15.5 Recycling 16 Uranium and Thorium 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Sources 16.3 Purification 16.3.1 Uranium Purification 16.3.2 Thorium Purification 16.4 Uranium and Thorium Uses 16.4.1 Uranium Uses 16.4.2 Thorium Uses 16.5 By-products 16.6 Recycling and Re-use 17 Silicon 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Sources 17.3 Purification 17.3.1 Metallurgical grade silicon 17.3.2 Semiconductor grade silicon 17.3.3 Single crystal high-purity silicon 17.4 Uses 17.5 Silicones and Organo-silicon materials 17.5.1 Silicone Production 17.5.2 Silicone Uses 17.6 Silanes 17.7 Semiconductors 17.8 Recycling 18 LightweightMaterials 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Lightweight alloys 18.2.1 Aluminum alloys 18.2.2 Metal foams 18.2.3 Titanium alloys 18.2.4 Magnesium alloys 18.2.5 Beryllium and beryllium alloys 18.3 Aerogels 18.3.1 Silica-based aerogels 18.3.2 Zirconia-based aerogels 18.3.3 Titania-based aerogels 18.3.4 Aerogel uses 18.4 Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) 18.4.1 Synthesis of MOFs 18.4.2 Uses of MOFs 18.5 Zeolites 18.6 Fullerenes 18.6.1 Fullerene Synthesis 18.6.2 Fullerene Uses 18.7 Recycling and Re-use 19 Ceramics 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Production 19.2.1 Syntheses 19.2.2 Tailoring properties of ceramics 19.3 Applications and End uses 19.4 Recycling and Re-use 20 Hard Materials 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Diamond 20.2.1 Introduction 20.2.2 Diamond Synthesis 20.3 Silicon Carbide 20.4 Boron and carbon nitrides 20.5 Metal borides 20.6 Recycling Index