Nanomaterials for Sensors and Sustainable Energy: Volume 2

Description

This book offers readers an extensive insight into advanced nanomaterials and their applications in the realm of energy generation and utilization. It places a specific emphasis on emerging nanomaterials and their diverse applications within energy-related sectors and sensor technology. The primary focus is on comprehending how these materials enhance the performance of energy storage devices and sensors. Furthermore, the book provides a comprehensive overview of the significant challenges faced in these areas and presents a forward looking perspective. Comprising ten chapters, the book extensively explores the applications of nanomaterials in energy-related fields, specifically in solar cells, supercapacitors, sensors, and more. It caters to the needs of budding researchers involved in the synthesis of nanomaterials and post-graduate students interested in delving into the intricacies of nanomaterials. Cover Half Title Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials Series Nanomaterials for Sensors and Sustainable Energy: Volume 2 Copyright Preface Contents About the Editors 1. Emerging Trends in Nanoparticle-Based Sensors for Environmental Applications 1. Introduction 1.1 Role of Nanoparticles in Environmental Sensing and Remediation 2. Objectives and Scope 3. Types of Nanoparticles for Environmental Sensing and Remediation 3.1 Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 3.2 Carbon-Based Nanoparticles 3.3 Polymer Nanoparticles 4. Advantages and Limitations of Different Types of Nanoparticles 5. Applications of Nanoparticle-Enhanced Sensing for Environmental Monitoring 5.1 Functionalized Nanoparticles for Detecting Specific Pollutants 5.2 Nanoparticle-Based Biosensors for Detecting Biological Contaminants 5.3 Integration of Nanoparticles with Devices for Real-Time Monitoring 5.4 Other Emerging Applications 6. Challenges and Limitations 7. Conclusion and Future Outlook References 2. Tungsten Oxide as Gas Sensors: A Review 1. Introduction 2. Tungsten and Tungsten Oxides 2.1 Structure of Tungsten Oxide 3. Gas Sensing Mechanism of Tungsten Oxide 4. Factors Affecting Performance of Tungsten Oxide-Based Gas Sensor 4.1 Sensitivity 4.2 Selectivity 4.3 Response and Recovery Time 4.4 Stability 5. Gas Sensing with Tungsten Oxide Structures 5.1 Detection of H2 5.2 Detection of NO2 5.3 Detection of NH3 5.4 Detection of H2S 5.5 Detection of CO 5.6 Detection of Ozone (O3) 5.7 Detection of Volatile Organic Components (VOCs) 6. Conclusions References 3. 2D Nanomaterials for Solar Cell Applications 1. Introduction 2. Overview of 2D Nanomaterials 2.1 Methods of Synthesizing 2D Nanomaterials for Solar Cell Application 2.2 Characterization Techniques for 2D Nanomaterials 2.3 Brief Explanation of the Structure and Properties of 2D Nanomaterials 3. 2D Nanomaterials for Solar Cell Applications 3.1 Overview of Different Types of Solar Cells 3.2 Types of 2D Nanomaterials and Their Potential Applications in Solar Cells (Graphene, MoS2, WS2) 3.3 Advantages of Using 2D Nanomaterials in Solar Cells (E.G., Enhanced Light Absorption, Improved Charge Transport) 3.4 Challenges and Limitations of Using 2D Nanomaterials in Solar Cells (Low Efficiency, Scalability Issues) 4. Recent Advances in 2D Nanomaterials for Solar Cells 4.1 Review of Recent Research on 2D Nanomaterials for Solar Cell Applications 4.2 Overview of Novel Approaches to Enhance the Performance of 2D Nanomaterial-Based Solar Cells (Hybrid Structures, Heterojunctions) 4.3 Potential Applications of 2D Nanomaterials in Emerging Solar Cell Technologies (Perovskite Solar Cells, Tandem Solar Cells) 5. Future Outlook 5.1 Future Directions for Research and Development in the Field of 2D Nanomaterials for Solar Cells 6. Conclusion and Summary of the Potential of 2D Nanomaterials in Solar Cell Technology 6.1 Current Challenges and Potential Solutions for Utilizing 2D Nanomaterials in Solar Cells References 4. Gas Sensing Properties, Applications of Metal Oxide Thin Film Transistors 1. Introduction 2. Various Types of Gas Sensor 2.1 Semiconductor Gas Sensors 2.2 Electrochemical Gas Sensors 2.3 Catalytic Gas Sensors 2.4 Magnetic Gas Sensors 2.5 Photoionization Gas Sensors 2.6 Thermal Conductivity Gas Sensors 3. Thin Film Transistors (TFTs)-Structure, Basics, and Parameters 3.1 Linear Region 3.2 Saturation Region 3.3 On/off Ratio 3.4 Threshold Voltage (VTH) 3.5 Sub Threshold Swing (S) 3.6 Mobility (μ) 3.7 Field-Effect Mobility (μFE) 3.8 Saturation Mobility (μsat) 4. Performance Parameters of Gas Sensors 4.1 Sensitivity 4.2 Selectivity 4.3 Stability 4.4 Response Time 4.5 Recovery Time 4.6 Operating Temperature 5. Gas Sensing Mechanism 6. Semiconductor Metal Oxide TFT Gas Sensors 7. Conclusions References 5. Tungsten Oxide-Based Electrochemical pH Sensor: Current Progress and Future Perspectives 1. Introduction 1.1 Metal Oxide-Based Electrochemical pH Sensors 1.2 Tungsten Oxide and Its Application in pH Sensor 2. pH Sensitivity, Response Time, Drift Rate and Hysteresis 3. Recent Work and Progress in the Field 4. Fabrication of WO3 Based Ph Sensing Electrodes 4.1 Synthesis of WO3 on Carbon Fiber Cloth (CFC) 4.2 Amorphous Tungsten Oxide for pH-ISFET 4.3 pH Sensor Based on WO3 Nanofiber-Polymer Composites 4.4 pH Response Behavior of Different W/WO3 Electrodes for Long-Term Monitoring 4.5 pH Sensors Based on WO3 Nanosheets 4.6 Tungsten Layers for the Mass Fabrication of WO3 Based pH Sensitive Potentiometric Microsensors 4.7 pH Sensitive WO3 Based Micro Electro-Chemical Transistors 4.8 pH Sensor Based on Magnetron Sputtered Porous WO3 Thin Films Deposited at Oblique Angles 4.9 Solid State pH Ultra-Microsensor Based on a Tungsten Oxide Film Fabricated on a Tungsten Nano-Electrode 4.10 pH Sensor Based on WO3-modified Vertically Aligned Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes (MWNTs) 5. Summary References 6. Clean and Green Supercapacitors for Energy Efficient Applications 1. Introduction 1.1 Supercapacitor: A Sustainable Energy Storage Device 1.2 Potential for Green and Clean Supercapacitors 2. Types of Supercapacitors 2.1 Pseudo-Capacitors 2.2 Electric Double Layer Capacitors 2.3 Hybrid Supercapacitors 3. Essential Requirements for Enhancing the Electrochemical Performance of Nanocomposites 3.1 Enhancing Electrochemical Performance by Nanocomposites 3.2 Enhancing Electrochemical Performance by Nanocomposites 4. Essential Requirements for a Supercapacitor 4.1 Electrolyte Materials 4.2 Pore Distribution Network (Micro-/Meso-/Macro) 4.3 Electrode Material 5. Importance of Bio-polymers as Supercapacitor Electrodes 6. Bioresource-Derived Polymer Composites for Energy Storage Applications: Brief Review 7. Green Materials for Electrode Material 7.1 Synthesis of Biopolymer-Based Material for Supercapacitors 8. Polysaccharides Based Bio-Polymer Electrode Material 8.1 Alginate 8.2 Pectin 8.3 Starch-Derived Materials 8.4 Chitin-Derived Materials 8.5 Chitosan-Derived Materials 9. Protein Based Bio-Polymer Material 9.1 Keratin-Derived Materials 9.2 Gelatin-Derived Materials 10. Polyphenol Based Bio-polymer Material 10.1 Lignin-Derived Materials 11. Conclusion and Outlook References 7. ZnO Nanomaterials: An Effective Electrode Choice for Sensor Applications 1. Introduction 2. Common Properties of ZnO Nanomaterials 3. ZnO Nanomaterial as Effective Electrode for Sensing Applications 4. ZnO Nanomaterials for Sensing Applications 4.1 Chemical Sensors 4.2 Gas Sensors 4.3 Biosensors 4.4 Flexible Sensors 5. Conclusions References 8. Metal Oxides In Supercapacitors: A Cutting Edge Review for Next Generation Energy Storage 1. Introduction 2. Electrochemical Efficacy of Metal Oxides for Supercapacitor Utilization 3. Mechanism of Electrochemical Performance in Metal Oxides for Supercapacitor Applications 4. Different Types of Oxide-Based Supercapacitors 4.1 Ruthenium Oxide-Based Supercapacitors 4.2 Manganese Oxide-Based Supercapacitor 4.3 Tungsten Oxide-Based Supercapacitors 5. Conclusions References 9. Titanium and Tungsten Oxide Semiconductor Synthesis: Advancements in Photocatalysis 1. Introduction 1.1 Electrospinning 2. Characterization of the Samples 3. Results and Discussions 3.1 Applications Using Fibers Synthesized by Electrospinning 4. Conclusions References 10. Exploring Naturally Derived pH-Responsive Nanogels for Sensing Applications 1. Introduction 2. Development of pH-Responsive Nanogels 3. pH-Sensitive Polymers and Their Classification 4. pH-Responsive Nanogels Based on Naturally Occurring pH-Sensitive Polymers 4.1 pH-Responsive Nanogels Based on Alginic Acid 4.2 pH-Responsive Nanogels Based on Carrageenan 4.3 pH-Responsive Nanogels Based on Cellulose 4.4 pH-Responsive Nanogels Based on Chitin 4.5 pH-Responsive Nanogels Based on Chitosan 4.6 pH-Responsive Nanogels Based on Dextrin 4.7 pH-Responsive Nanogels Based on Dextran 4.8 pH-Responsive Nanogels Based on Hyaluronic Acid 4.9 pH-Responsive Nanogels Based on Guar Gum 4.10 pH-Responsive Nanogels Based on Pullulan 4.11 pH-Responsive Nanogels Based on Xanthan Gum 5. Conclusions and Future Perspectives References