Transnationalising Reproduction: Third Party Conception in a Globalised World

Description

Third party conception is a growing phenomenon and provokes a burgeoning range of ethical, legal and social questions. What are the rights of donors, recipients and donor conceived children? How are these reproductive technologies regulated? How is kinship understood within these new family forms? Written by specialists from three different continents, Transnationalising Reproduction examines a broad range of issues concerning kinship and identity, citizenship and regulation, and global markets of reproductive labour; including gamete donation and gestational surrogacy. Indeed, this book seeks to highlight how reproductive technologies not only makes possible new forms of kinship and family formations, but also how these give rise to new, ethical, political and legal dilemmas about parenthood as well as new modes of discrimination and a re-distribution of medical risks. It also thoroughly investigates the ways in which a commodification of reproductive tissue and labour affects the practices, representations and gendered self-understandings of gamete donors, fertility patients and intended parents in different parts of the world. With a broad geographical scope, Transnationalising Reproduction offers new empirical and theoretical perspectives on third-party conception and demonstrates the need for more transnational approaches to third-party reproduction. This volume will appeal to postgraduate students and postdoctoral researchers interested in fields such as Gender Studies, Health Care Sciences, Reproductive Technology and Medical Sociology. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents List of illustrations List of contributors Acknowledgements Introduction Global variations and local intersections Part I: Kinship and identity Part II: Reproducing markets Part III: Citizenship and regulation Concluding remarks Note References PART I: Kinship and identity 1. Grammars of kinship: Biological motherhood and assisted reproduction in the age of epigenetics Retheorizing biological kinship: the “new” in new kinship studies Nature, culture, and the grammars of biological kinship The grammar of blood The grammar of genetics The grammar of epigenetics Dis/articulating kinship through epigenetics: the example of a surrogacy court case From blood to genes to epigenetics – and back to blood? Next of kin: rethinking biological motherhood through the lens of epigenetics Notes References 2. Reproductive technologies and lesbian kinship practices in Brazil Introduction Reproductive technologies in Brazil Cases from the field The ROPA and sperm donors Reflections on hierarchy and health in lesbian parent narratives Conclusion Notes References 3. The gendered gift of gametes: Sexuality, incest and procreation A foreign fertilising sperm The female body as recipient An adulterine sperm Notes Bibliography 4. What does one wear to a sperm bank?: Negotiations of sexuality in sperm donation Introduction Sexuality? Which sexuality? Mr Responsibility: donor screening as a socio-technical practice About the pleasures of sperm donation Sperm donation reconsidered Notes References PART II: Reproducing markets 5. Paid to donate: Egg donors, sperm donors, and gendered experiences of bodily commodification Introduction “I’m in it for the money” vs. “Helping others” Earning and spending Being paid to give a gift or perform a job Proud givers vs. alienated lab rats Conclusion Notes References 6. Reproductive labour or reproductive trafficking?: Indian women’s reproductive bodies in the globalised bioeconomy Introduction The booming fertility industry in India: some background and facts Commercial egg donation and surrogacy as “reproductive labour” Commercial egg donation and surrogacy as “reproductive trafficking”: a human rights approach Four cases Regulation of assisted reproduction technologies (ARTs) in India Regulate or prohibit? Conclusion Acknowledgements Notes References 7. Reproducing heteronormativity: Gay parenthood and transnational surrogacy in Sweden Introduction Surrogacy: the last big Respectable same-sex couples White nuclear families Full time fathers Concluding remarks Notes References 8. Becoming your own doctor: Age-restrictions, risks and transnational egg- and embryo donation Introduction Before it is too late: national age-restrictions and fertility travel in the Swedish context Patient autonomy, risk and responsibility Becoming your own doctor: lack of coordination, obstacles and patient strategies Multiple pregnancies, choice and risk negotiation among cross-border patients Making the safety valve safer – concluding reflections on Swedish age-restrictions Notes Bibliography PART III: Citizenship and regulation 9. Ethical problems related to legal diversity: Limiting access for non-resident patients in cross-border reproductive care Introduction The issue of legal diversity Limitations imposed by the destination countries Limitations following from the clinic’s and physician’s duties Conclusion References 10. Embryo donation for research: Citizenship and science Introduction Portuguese legal and regulatory framework: from explicit consent to implicit agreement Reasons underlying Portuguese IVF couples’ willingness to donate embryos for research Conclusion Acknowledgments Notes References 11. Lesbians and reproductive healthcare Sexual citizenship in Sweden and Ireland Closets and exclusions Conclusions: social exclusion and transnational journeys Notes References 12. From assisted to selective reproduction: Through the lens of the court Assisted reproduction: disruption of sexuality and reproduction Global dimensions Conclusions Notes Index