Groundwater and Water Quality: Hydraulics, Water Resources and Coastal Engineering

Description

This book deals with topics of current interest, such as climate change, floods, drought, and hydrological extremes. The impact of climate change on water resources is drawing worldwide attention these days, for water resources in many countries are already stressed and climate change along with burgeoning population, rising standard of living, and increasing demand are adding to the stress. Further, river basins are becoming less resilient to climatic vagaries. Fundamental to addressing these issues is hydrological modelling which is covered in these books. Further, integrated water resources management is vital to ensure water and food security. Integral to the management is groundwater and solute transport. The books encompass tools that will be useful to mitigate the adverse consequences of natural disasters. This book provides many new and innovative methods to assess groundwater and estimate water pollution. Groundwater recharge, solute transport, ground water modelling are some of the important variable used to estimate the groundwater movement, hydraulic gradient and pollution movement. The water quality is another important variable of river Ganga and its tributaries in India and other rivers over the globe.   Contents About the Editors 1 Identification of the Parameters to Estimate the Capillary Rise from Shallow Groundwater Table Using Field Crop Experiments 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Models Used for the Investigation 1.3 Study Area 1.4 Field Crop Experiments 1.5 Performance Evaluation Indicator for Models 1.6 Results and Discussions 1.7 Conclusion References 2 Study of Groundwater Table Fluctuations in the Command Area of Bhagwanpur Distributary of the Eastern Gandak Project 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Study Area 2.3 Methodology 2.4 Results and Discussion 2.5 Conclusions Appendices References 3 Assessment of Heavy Metals in Sediments from Exploratory Wells for Riverbank Filtration Sites Impacted by Extreme Environmental Conditions Using Principal Component Analysis 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Materials and Methods 3.2.1 Study Area 3.2.2 Soil and Sediment Sampling and Analysis 3.2.3 Water Sampling and Analysis 3.2.4 Principal Component Analysis 3.3 Results and Discussion 3.3.1 Heavy Metal Concentrations in Soil and Aquifer Sediments of Exploratory Well Mathura 3.3.2 PCA of Heavy Metals in Soil and Aquifer Sediments of Exploratory Well Mathura 3.3.3 Heavy Metal Concentrations in Water Samples from Exploratory Well Mathura 3.3.4 Heavy Metal Concentrations in Soil and Aquifer Sediments of Exploratory Well Agra 3.3.5 PCA of Heavy Metals in Soil and Aquifer Sediments of Exploratory Well in Agra 3.3.6 Heavy Metal Concentrations in Water Samples from Exploratory Well Agra 3.3.7 Synthesis of PCA and Vertical Distribution of Heavy Metals in Exploratory Well Sediments 3.4 Summary and Conclusions References 4 Simulation of Re-Aeration Coefficient Using Anfis and Arima Models 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Study Area and Database 4.2.1 Study Area 4.2.2 Data Collection and Analysis 4.3 Methodology 4.3.1 Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System 4.3.2 Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average 4.3.3 Evaluation of ANFIS and ARIMA Models 4.4 Results and Discussion 4.4.1 Model Input 4.4.2 Selection of Best ANFIS Model 4.4.3 Hybrid ANFIS-ARIMA 4.5 Conclusion References 5 Identification of Unknown Number of Clandestine Groundwater Contamination Source Locations and Their Release Flux History 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Methodology Development 5.2.1 Illustration of the Study Area 5.3 Results and Discussion 5.4 Conclusions References 6 Development of Multiple Linear Regression Model for Heavy Metal Prediction Around Eklahare Thermal Power Plant, Nashik, Maharashtra 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Study Area 6.3 Materials and Methods 6.3.1 Data Analysis and Model Development 6.4 Results and Discussion 6.4.1 Correlation Analysis 6.4.2 MLR Model 6.5 Conclusion References 7 Integrated Approach for Groundwater Recharge Assessment—A Review 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Materials and Methodology 7.3 Factors Influencing Groundwater Recharge 7.3.1 Lithology/Geology 7.3.2 Slope 7.3.3 Geomorphology 7.3.4 Land Use/land Cover 7.3.5 Groundwater Contour 7.3.6 Soil Type 7.3.7 Drainage 7.3.8 Lineaments 7.3.9 Rainfall 7.3.10 Iso Resistivity 7.4 Suitability Map for Groundwater Recharge and Discussion 7.4.1 Decision Support System 7.5 Conclusion References 8 Effect of Indira Sagar Dam on the Health Assessment of Narmada River 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Methodology 8.2.1 Flood Frequency Analysis 8.2.2 Base Flow Separation 8.2.3 Median Flow Duration Curve 8.2.4 Colwell Indices 8.2.5 Timing of Annual Extreme Water Conditions 8.2.6 Persistently Higher Flow (PH) 8.3 Persistently Lower Flow (PL) 8.3.1 Persistently Very Low Flow (PVL) 8.3.2 Seasonality Flow Shift (SFS) 8.3.3 Small Floods 8.3.4 Rate of Water Condition Change 8.4 Results and Discussion 8.4.1 Effect of Water Regulation in Low-Flow Season 8.5 Effect of Flood Control 8.5.1 Predictability of Flow 8.5.2 Storage Affecting Base Flow 8.5.3 Persistent Change in River Condition 8.5.4 Seasonality of Water Flow Conditions 8.5.5 Rate of Water Change Condition 8.6 Conclusion References 9 Study and Modelling of Trace Contaminant Transport Under Drowned Condition 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Objectives 9.3 Description on MIM Model of Cr(VI) Transport 9.4 Experimental Methodology 9.4.1 Fixed Bed Column Study 9.5 Results and Discussion 9.5.1 Effect of Resin Dosage 9.5.2 Effect of Solution pH 9.5.3 Isotherm Study 9.5.4 Kinetic Study 9.5.5 Fixed Bed Column Study 9.6 Conclusion References 10 ANN Modeling of Groundwater Development for Irrigation 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Present Study 10.3 Zonal Cropping Pattern 10.4 Study Area 10.5 Data 10.6 Artificial Neural Network 10.7 Development of ANN Models 10.8 Results and Discussion 10.9 Conclusion References 11 Assessment of Groundwater Quality with Special Reference to Arsenic in Ballia District, Uttar Pradesh, India 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Materials and Methodology 11.3 Results and Discussion 11.3.1 Groundwater Chemistry 11.3.2 Water Type and Hydro-chemical Facies 11.3.3 Suitability of Groundwater for Drinking Purposes 11.3.4 Arsenic Occurrence and Its Suitability for Drinking Purposes 11.3.5 Suitability for Irrigation Uses 11.3.6 Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) 11.4 Conclusion References 12 Assessment of Hydraulic and Geoelectric Parameters of the Aquifers and Their Relationship Using Vertical Electrical Sounding in Gurpur Watershed, West Coast of India 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Study Area 12.2.1 Geology 12.3 Materials and Methods 12.3.1 Data Acquisition 12.3.2 Interpretation of Resistivity Sounding Data 12.4 Results and Discussion 12.4.1 Qualitative and Quantitative VES Analysis 12.4.2 Hydraulic and Geoelectric Parameters 12.5 Conclusion References 13 Performance Monitoring and Re-design of a Traditional Household Filter Unit for Simultaneous Removal of Iron and Fluoride from Groundwater of Assam 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Material and Methods 13.2.1 Monitoring of a Traditional Indigenous Household Filter Unit 13.2.2 Wooden Charcoal 13.2.3 River Sand 13.2.4 Adsorption Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies of Fe(II) and F− Uptake from Mono- and Binary-Ion Systems Using Groundwater Samples 13.2.5 Analytical Methods Used 13.3 Results and Discussion 13.3.1 Performance of a Traditional Indigenous Household Filter Unit 13.3.2 Adsorption Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies of Fe(II) and F− Uptake from Mono- and Binary-Ion Systems Using Groundwater Samples 13.3.3 Proposed Design Modification of a Field Filter Unit 13.4 Summary References 14 Applications of Cascade Feed Forward Neural Network for Modelling of Coagulant Dose in a Drinking Water Treatment Plant: Comparative Study 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Material and Methods 14.2.1 Study Area 14.2.2 Methodology 14.3 Results and Analysis 14.4 Conclusions References 15 A Conceptual Understanding of Groundwater Levels Using Data-Driven Model—A Case Study in Hyderabad, India 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Study Area 15.3 Data and Methods 15.3.1 Data Used 15.3.2 Methodology 15.4 Results and Discussions 15.4.1 Lateral Flow Estimation 15.4.2 Calibration and Validation of the Model 15.5 Conclusions References 16 Assessment of Groundwater Quality of the Aquifer Adjacent to River Bharalu in Guwahati City, Assam, India 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Study Area 16.3 Methodology 16.4 Results and Discussion 16.5 Conclusions References 17 Groundwater Modelling Using Coupled Model SWAT-MODFLOW in the Hiranyakeshi Sub-Watershed 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Study Area 17.3 Methods and Methodology’s 17.3.1 Data Required for SWAT and SWAT-MODFLOW Model 17.3.2 SWAT Model 17.3.3 Description of SWAT Model 17.3.4 HRU Analysis 17.3.5 Weather Stations Data 17.4 Calibration and Validation of SWAT Model 17.4.1 SWAT-MODFLOW Model 17.4.2 SWAT-MODFLOW Model Set-Up & Execution 17.5 Result and Discussion 17.5.1 SWAT Model Results 17.5.2 Results of SWAT Calibration and Validation 17.5.3 Modflow Head 17.6 Conclusion References 18 Effect of Rainfall on Groundwater Levels in Sina Basin, Maharashtra 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Study Area 18.3 Methodology 18.3.1 Steps Involved in the Analysis 18.3.2 Trend Analysis 18.3.3 ArcGIS 10.3 18.3.4 Moving Average 18.3.5 Water Level Residual 18.4 Data Used 18.5 Results and Discussions 18.5.1 Thiessen Polygon of Study Area 18.5.2 Contours of Ground-Water Level 18.5.3 Trend Detection 18.5.4 Groundwater Water Level Residuals and Rainfall Patterns 18.6 Conclusions References 19 Management of Arsenic Sludge Using Solidification 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Materials and Methods 19.2.1 Preparation of Arsenic Residual Sludge 19.2.2 Preparation of Solidified Matrices 19.2.3 Semi Dynamic Leachability Test 19.2.4 Diffusion Coefficient (De) and Leachability Index as Per Penetration Theory 19.2.5 Analytical Method 19.3 Results and Discussion 19.3.1 Characterization of Solidified Matrices 19.3.2 Leaching of Arsenic from Solidified Matrices 19.3.3 Diffusion Coefficient and Leachability Index as Per Penetration Theory 19.4 Conclusions References 20 Assessment of Water Quality Index of Tapi River: A Case Study of Surat City 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Study Area 20.3 Methodology & Data Collection 20.4 Result & Result Analysis 20.4.1 For Monsoon Season 20.4.2 For Post-Monsoon Season 20.4.3 For Pre-Monsoon 20.4.4 Comparison of Water Quality Index (WQI) 20.5 Conclusion References 21 Spatial Variability of Groundwater Quality Parameters of East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Materials and Methods 21.2.1 Study Area 21.2.2 Data Collection 21.2.3 Semivariogram Modeling 21.2.4 Spatial Structure of Quality Parameters 21.2.5 Kriging 21.2.6 Model Selection and Cross Validation 21.2.7 Groundwater Quality Parameters 21.3 Results and Discussion 21.4 Conclusions References 22 Pumping Optimization for Saltwater Intrusion Management in a Coastal Aquifer with Combined Use of Sharp Interface and Density Dependent Models 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Methodology 22.2.1 Sharp Interface Model 22.2.2 Density Dependent Model 22.2.3 Formulation of Pumping Optimization Problem 22.2.4 Particle Swarm Optimization 22.2.5 Linking of Sharp Interface Model with Density Dependent Model 22.3 Results and Discussion 22.3.1 Development of Hypothetical Study Area 22.3.2 Performance Evaluation of the Developed Model 22.4 Conclusions References 23 Two-Dimensional Laboratory-Scale Experiments on Saltwater Intrusion Dynamics 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Methodology 23.2.1 Laboratory Experimental Setup 23.2.2 Experimental Methods 23.3 Physical Model Simulations 23.3.1 SEAWAT Model Settings 23.3.2 FEFLOW Model Settings 23.4 Results 23.5 Conclusions References 24 GIS Based Groundwater Potential Zone Identification Using AHP for Ponnaniyaru Watershed, Tamil Nadu, India 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Study Area and Materials Used 24.3 Methodology 24.3.1 Geomorphology 24.3.2 Lineament 24.3.3 Landuse and Landcover 24.3.4 Geology 24.3.5 Slope 24.3.6 Soil 24.3.7 Drainage Density 24.3.8 Rainfall 24.4 Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) 24.5 Results and Discussion 24.6 Conclusion References 25 Development of Groundwater Recharge Relationship with Rainfall for Thane District 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Study Area 25.3 Methodology 25.4 Results and Discussion 25.5 Conclusions Reference 26 Changes in Water Quality of River Ganga Passing Through Urban Cities with Remote Sensing and GIS Support 26.1 Introduction 26.2 The Study Area and Data Collection 26.3 Methodology 26.3.1 Water Quality Data Collection and Analysis Procedure 26.3.2 Satellite Data Collection and Analysis Procedure 26.4 Results and Discussion 26.5 Conclusions References 27 A Review on the Various Cost Effective Water Filtration Techniques 27.1 Introduction 27.2 Review of Different Cost-Effective Technologies 27.3 Conclusion References 28 Analysis of Location of Oil Spills and Use of Marine Tar in Bituminous Road Construction Collected Near Alibaug Beaches (Maharashtra) 28.1 Introduction 28.2 Objectives of Study 28.3 Causes of Formation of Tar Balls 28.4 Methodology Used 28.4.1 Kihim Beach 28.4.2 Revdanda Beach 28.5 Effects of Tar Balls 28.6 Use of Remote Sensing in Detection of Location of Oil Spill 28.7 Use of Marine Tar Balls in Bituminous Road Construction 28.8 Conclusion Bibliography 29 A Study on Assessment of Groundwater Resources in a Basin by Water Table Fluctuation Method 29.1 Introduction 29.2 Study Area 29.3 Data Used 29.4 Methodology 29.5 Results and Discussions 29.6 Conclusions Bibliography 30 Simulation of Soil Moisture Movement and Solute Transport Characteristics in Parts of Malaprabha Sub Basin 30.1 Introduction 30.2 Study Area 30.3 Modelling Using HYDRUS-1D 30.4 Simulation of Water and Solute Movement Using HYDRUS-1D Model 30.4.1 Input Data 30.5 Simulation Results 30.6 Conclusion References 31 Oxygenation in Turbulent Flows Over Block Ramps 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Experimental Setup and Data Collection 31.3 Data Analysis 31.4 Results 31.4.1 Uniform Flow Properties 31.4.2 Average Oxygen Concentration (Om) 31.5 Conclusions References 32 Seasonal Variations of Major Ion Chemistry and Solute Fluxes of Meltwater of River Bhagirathi, a Himalayan Tributary, India 32.1 Introduction 32.2 Study Area 32.3 Sampling and Methodology 32.4 Results and Discussions 32.5 Conclusion References 33 Gis Approach to Identify the Influence of Rock Water Interaction and Land Use Land Cover on Groundwater Quality Degradation 33.1 Introduction 33.2 Location and Geomorphology 33.3 Datasets and Methodology 33.4 Results and Discussions 33.5 Conclusions References