National Security Exceptions In International Trade And Investment Agreements: Justiciability And Standards Of Review

Description

This book provides a comprehensive analysis of national security exceptions in international trade and investment agreements. The subject has gained particular relevance in the past few years, as both the United States and the Russian Federation have invoked national security as justification for trade-restrictive measures in the context of WTO dispute settlement proceedings. The book describes the evolution of security exceptions in international economic law, from the GATT 1947 to the most recent economic treaties, such as the 2017 Buenos Aires Protocol for Intra-Mercosur Investment and the 2018 USMCA. Further, it presents an overview of the rich array of adjudicatory practices addressing national security clauses, covering the decisions of WTO dispute settlement bodies, the ICJ, and numerous investment arbitral tribunals. To this end, the book addresses the debates surrounding the alleged self-judging character of security exceptions and the standards of review applicable where the exception is considered to be justiciable. Preface......Page 6 Contents......Page 7 1 Introduction......Page 9 References......Page 11 2.1 Introductory Remarks......Page 12 2.2 Article XXI of the GATT: A Brief Overview......Page 13 2.3.1 Setting the Scene: The GATT Years......Page 17 2.3.2 The Renaissance of the Security Exception in WTO Practice......Page 19 2.4 Review of Security Measures Under Article XXI of the GATT and the Problem of Justiciability......Page 23 2.5 The Standard of Review Under Article XXI(b) of the GATT......Page 26 2.6 Appraisal: In Support of a Nuanced Approach......Page 33 References......Page 35 3.1 Security Exceptions in FCN Agreements......Page 38 3.2.1 A Brief Overview of Security Exceptions in Investment Agreements......Page 45 3.2.2 The Review of Security Measures Under Investment Agreements and the Problem of Justiciability......Page 47 3.2.3 The Quest for an Objective Standard of Review......Page 57 References......Page 67 4 The Third Generation of National Security Exceptions: Protecting the Sovereign State......Page 69 References......Page 74 5 Conclusion......Page 76 References......Page 78