Oncogenic Viruses, Volume 2: Medical Applications of Viral Oncology Research

Description

Oncogenic Viruses: Medical Applications of Viral Oncology Research, Volume Two builds on the introductory overview of Volume One, Oncogenic Viruses: Fundamentals of Oncogenic Viruses.  It looks at recent advances and medical application of research studies on oncoviruses, including examining oncoviruses on a molecular level, covers diagnostic and prognostic viral biomarkers and identifying biomarkers in specific human cancers, and delves into prevention, treatment and the future of cancer therapy of oncoviruses, antiviral activities and vaccination strategies. Advanced topics and the future direction of oncovirology round out the book. This book is a comprehensive reference for researchers and practitioners engaged in learning more about the role of oncogenic viruses in the pathogenesis of human cancers and how that information can be applied to identify strategies for prevention and treatment. Front Cover Oncogenic Viruses Volume 2 Copyright Page Contents List of contributors About the editor Preface—Oncogenic Viruses: Up To Recent Knowledge References Acknowledgments 1 Vitamin D new therapy for breast cancer prevention 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Breast cancer 1.2.1 Generality 1.2.2 Anatomy 1.2.3 Symptoms 1.2.4 Breast cancer types 1.2.5 Risk factors 1.2.5.1 Endogenous hormonal factors 1.2.5.1.1 Early age of first menstruation 1.2.5.1.2 Late menopause 1.2.5.2 Exogenous hormonal factors 1.2.5.2.1 Oral contraceptives 1.2.5.2.2 Hormone replacement therapy 1.2.5.3 Reproductive factors 1.2.5.3.1 Parity and early age at first motherhood 1.2.5.3.2 Breastfeeding 1.2.5.4 Genetic, family, demographic, and health factors 1.2.5.4.1 History of genetic mutations 1.2.5.4.2 Family history 1.2.5.4.3 Age 1.2.5.4.4 Ionizing radiation 1.2.5.4.5 Mammography density 1.2.5.5 Lifestyle and nutrition factors 1.2.5.5.1 Overweight 1.2.5.5.2 Smoking 1.2.5.5.3 Alcohol 1.3 Viral etiology of breast cancer 1.4 Mouse mammary tumor virus like 1.5 Human papilloma virus 1.6 Epstein–Barr virus 1.7 Vitamin D 1.7.1 Generality 1.7.2 Biosynthesis 1.8 Food needs and sources 1.9 Storage sites 1.10 Vitamin D receptors 1.11 Vitamin D new therapy for breast cancers prevention 1.11.1 Relationship between vitamin D and breast cancer 1.12 Mechanism of action 1.13 Vitamin D and breast cancer prevention 1.14 Conclusion References 2 Molecular diagnosis of human papillomavirus related to cervical cancer 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Etiopathogenesis of human papillomavirus infection 2.2.1 Human papillomavirus genome structure 2.2.1.1 The long control region 2.2.1.2 The early control region (E) 2.2.1.3 The late region (L) 2.2.2 Mechanism of human papillomavirus infection in the cervix and carcinogenesis 2.3 Diagnosis of human papillomavirus viral genome 2.3.1 Identification of human papillomavirus without genotyping 2.3.1.1 Signal amplification method: liquid phase in situ hybridization 2.3.1.2 Polymerase chain reaction amplification technique 2.3.1.2.1 Polymerase chain reaction consensus 2.3.2 Human papillomavirus genotyping 2.3.2.1 Genotyping by sequencing 2.3.2.2 DNA microarray genotyping 2.3.2.3 Genotyping using Luminex technology 2.3.3 Human papillomavirus E6/E7 mRNA and protein detection 2.4 Conclusion Acknowledgment References 3 Risk of the development of cancers induced by the consumption of mussels accumulating metallic trace elements 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Trace metal elements 3.2.1 Origin and cycle of trace metal elements in the natural environment 3.2.2 Properties of trace metal elements 3.2.2.1 The essential elements 3.2.2.2 Nonessential elements 3.2.2.2.1 Lead Sources of lead 3.2.2.2.1.1 Behavior of lead in aquatic environments 3.2.2.2.1.2 Lead toxicity 3.2.2.2.1.3 Carcinogenic effect of lead 3.2.2.2.2 Cadmium 3.2.2.2.2.1 Properties of cadmium 3.2.2.2.2.2 Sources of cadmium 3.2.2.2.2.3 Behavior of cadmium in the aquatic environment 3.2.2.2.2.4 Cadmium toxicity 3.2.2.2.2.5 Carcinogenic effect of cadmium 3.2.2.2.3 Mercury 3.2.2.2.3.1 Property of mercury 3.2.2.2.3.2 Sources of mercury 3.2.2.2.3.3 Mercury toxicity 3.2.2.2.3.4 Behavior of mercury in aquatic environments 3.2.2.2.3.5 Carcinogenic effect of mercury 3.2.3 Transfer of trace metal elements in the trophic chain 3.2.4 Effects of metal toxicity on human health 3.3 Bivalve molluscs 3.3.1 Classification of lamellibranchs (bivalves) 3.3.1.1 Habitat 3.3.1.2 Food 3.3.1.3 Metallic pollution bioindicators 3.3.2 The mytilidae as bioindicators 3.3.3 Response of marine organisms to trace metal elements 3.3.3.1 Bioaccumulation 3.3.3.2 Sequestration and elimination 3.3.3.2.1 Sequestration 3.3.3.2.1.1 Metallothionein 3.3.3.2.2 Elimination 3.4 Oxidative stress and cancer 3.5 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 4 Oncolytic virus cancer therapeutic options and integration of artificial intelligence into virus cancer research 4.1 Introduction 4.2 History 4.3 General properties of oncovirus 4.4 Oncolytic viral therapy: a new era of treatment 4.4.1 Cancer immunoediting hypothesis 4.4.2 Pharmacokinetics of oncolytic viral therapy 4.5 Applications of oncolytic viral therapy 4.5.1 Diagnosis 4.5.2 Tumor targeted cell delivery by oncolytic virotherapy 4.5.3 Genetically modified oncolytic virus 4.5.4 Integration of oncolytic viral therapy in radiotherapy 4.5.5 Integration of oncolytic viral therapy in chemotherapy 4.5.6 Integration of oncolytic viral therapy with immune inhibitor checkpoints 4.6 Limitations 4.7 Integration of artificial intelligence or machine learning into cancer research 4.8 Future concerns 4.9 Conclusion Acknowledgment References 5 Oncoviruses: future prospects of molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Mechanism of oncovirus 5.3 Types and mechanism of oncoviruses 5.3.1 Epstein–Barr virus 5.3.2 Hepatitis B virus 5.3.3 Aviadenovirus 5.3.4 Human immunodeficiency virus 5.3.5 Human papillomavirus 5.3.6 Polyomavirus 5.3.7 Herpes simplex virus 5.3.8 Parvovirus 5.3.9 Leporipoxvirus 5.3.10 Orthopoxvirus 5.4 Genetics of virus 5.5 Types of treatment 5.5.1 Immunotherapy 5.5.2 Chemotherapy 5.5.3 Targeted therapy 5.5.4 Radiation therapy 5.5.5 Hormonal therapy 5.5.6 Surgery 5.6 Stem cell transplant therapy 5.6.1 Oncotherapy 5.7 Future of oncotherapy 5.8 Conclusion Acknowledgment References 6 Multi-omics methods and tools in dissecting the oncovirus behavior in human host 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Definition 6.2 Types of omics 6.2.1 Genomics 6.2.2 Transcriptomics 6.2.3 Proteomics 6.2.3.1 Types of proteomics 6.2.3.1.1 Protein expression proteomics 6.2.3.1.2 Structural proteomics 6.2.3.1.3 Functional proteomics 6.2.3.2 Proteomic techniques 6.2.3.2.1 Chromatography 6.2.3.2.2 Mass spectroscopy 6.2.3.2.3 X-ray Crystallography 6.2.3.2.4 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 6.2.3.3 Computational process 6.2.4 Metabolomics 6.2.4.1 Metallomics 6.2.5 Bioinformatics resources 6.2.6 Databases and tools 6.3 Conclusions References 7 Role of viral human oncogenesis: recent developments in molecular approaches 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Prevalence of oncovirus 7.3 Classification of oncovirus 7.3.1 DNA tumor viruses 7.3.2 RNA tumor viruses 7.4 Molecular tools used for oncovirus detection 7.5 Vaccines available for oncovirus 7.6 Statistical analysis of oncovirus 7.6.1 Epstein–Barr virus 7.6.2 Hepatitis B virus 7.6.3 Human papillomavirus 7.6.4 Hepatitis C virus 7.6.5 Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus 7.6.6 Human immunodeficiency virus 7.6.7 Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 7.6.8 Merkel cell polyomavirus 7.7 Oncovirus and cancer progression 7.7.1 Human papillomavirus on cancer progression 7.7.2 Hepatitis B virus on cancer progression 7.7.3 Hepatitis C virus on cancer progression 7.7.4 Human papillomavirus on cancer progression 7.8 Oncolytic virotherapy 7.9 Conclusion Acknowledgment References 8 Strategies for the development of hepatitis B virus vaccines 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Virus-like particle-based hepatitis B vaccines 8.3 Therapeutic vaccines 8.4 DNA-based vaccines 8.5 mRNA-based vaccines 8.6 Proteins/peptides vaccines 8.7 Cell-based vaccines 8.8 Nanovaccines 8.9 Efficacy of therapeutic vaccines 8.10 Harmlessness 8.11 Immunization coverage 8.12 Conclusion References 9 MYC oncogenes as potential anticancer targets 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Biological role of MYC genes 9.3 MYC in normal tissues and cancer 9.4 MYC signal transduction pathway 9.5 Structure of MYC 9.6 The MYC–Max interaction 9.7 MYC as a potential target for antitumor therapy 9.8 Targeting the MYC–Max interaction with small molecule inhibitors 9.9 Indirect targeting of the MYC 9.10 Targeting MYC transcription 9.11 Targeting of MYC expression 9.12 Targeting MYC stability 9.13 Synthetic lethality with MYC 9.14 G-quadruplexes and expression of c-MYC 9.15 Conclusions and perspective Acknowledgments References 10 Current status of viral biomarkers for oncogenic viruses 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Epstein-Barr virus 10.2.1 Epstein-Barr virus-associated cancers 10.2.2 Epstein Bar virus-associated cancer biomarkers 10.3 Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus 10.3.1 Hepatitis B virus- and hepatitis C virus-associated cancers 10.3.2 Hepatitis B virus-associated cancer biomarkers 10.3.3 Hepatitis C virus-associated cancer biomarkers 10.4 Human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1 10.4.1 HTLV-1-associated cancers 10.4.2 HTLV-1-associated cancer biomarkers 10.5 Human Herpesvirus-8 10.5.1 HHV-8-associated cancers 10.5.2 HHV-8-associated cancer biomarkers 10.6 Human papillomavirus 10.6.1 Human papillomaviruses-associated cancers 10.6.2 Human papillomaviruses-associated cancer biomarkers 10.7 Conclusions References 11 Bioinformatics serving oncoviral studies 11.1 Biological database 11.2 Sequence analysis 11.3 Molecular dynamics simulations 11.4 Computer-aided drug discovery 11.5 Systems biology approach 11.6 Artificial intelligence approaches 11.7 Conclusion References 12 QSAR approach for combating cancer cells 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Handling and curation of chemical and biological data 12.3 Structures drawing and database building 12.4 Molecular descriptors 12.5 Multivariate analysis 12.6 Multiple linear regression analysis 12.7 Principal component regression 12.8 Partial least squares 12.9 Kernel partial least squares 12.10 Artificial neural network 12.11 Other methods 12.12 Classification-based QSAR approaches 12.13 QSAR model generation 12.14 Model examination and validation 12.15 Internal validation 12.16 External validation 12.17 Applicability domain 12.18 Model application for the prediction of compounds activity References 13 Human papillomaviruses and their carcinogens effect 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Epidemiology of human papillomaviruse 13.3 Human papillomaviruse classification 13.4 Human papillomavirus transmission 13.4.1 Vertical transmission 13.4.2 Horizontal transmission 13.5 Structure, genomic organization, and viral proteins 13.5.1 The long control region 13.5.2 The early region 13.5.2.1 E1 13.5.2.2 E2 13.5.2.3 E4 13.5.2.4 E5 13.5.2.5 E6 13.5.2.6 E7 13.5.2.7 E3 and E8 13.5.3 The late region: L1 and L2 13.6 Human papillomavirus replication cycle 13.7 Infection evolution 13.8 Molecular mechanisms of HPV-induced carcinogenesis 13.9 Mechanisms of cell transformation 13.10 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 14 Progress in the development of vaccines against human papillomavirus 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Virus-like particle vaccination strategy 14.3 Vaccines prophylactic against human papillomavirus 14.3.1 Types of vaccines 14.4 Immunization procedures and doses 14.5 Efficacy and safety of human papillomavirus vaccines 14.5.1 Efficacy 14.5.2 Safety and security 14.6 L2-based human papillomavirus prophylactic vaccines 14.7 Human papillomavirus vaccine coverage 14.8 Factors influencing vaccination coverage 14.9 Therapeutic vaccines 14.9.1 Bacterial vector vaccines 14.9.2 Viral vector vaccines 14.9.3 Vaccinia virus Efficacy and safety 14.9.4 DNA vaccines 14.9.5 RNA-based vaccines 14.9.6 Peptide-based vaccines 14.9.7 Protein vaccines 14.9.8 Cellular vaccines (Dendritic cell-based vaccines) 14.10 Conclusion References 15 Development and characterization of an electrochemical sensor using molecularly imprinted polymer based on a gold screen... 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Urine and saliva as noninvasive sources of biomarkers 15.3 Biomarkers in the bloodstream can infiltrate the acini and eventually be secreted into the saliva 15.3.1 Recognition of particular compounds as an indicator of diseases 15.4 Current electrochemical sensor devices 15.5 Applications of gas sensors in oncology or virology as tools for the detection of biomarkers 15.6 Experimental 15.6.1 Chemicals and reagents 15.6.2 Polymer synthesis 15.6.3 Electrochemical sensors fabrication steps 15.6.3.1 Creatinine molecularly imprinted polymer sensor 15.6.3.2 Glucose molecularly imprinted polymer sensor 15.6.4 Physicochemical characterization 15.6.5 Electrochemical measurements 15.7 Results and discussion 15.7.1 Morphological characterization of the fabricated sensor 15.7.2 Voltammetric array and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy responses 15.7.2.1 Creatinine molecularly imprinted polymer sensor 15.7.2.2 Glucose molecularly imprinted polymer sensor 15.7.3 Repeatability, reproducibility, selectivity, and stability of the sensor 15.7.3.1 Creatinine molecularly imprinted polymer sensor 15.7.3.2 Glucose molecularly imprinted polymer sensor 15.7.4 Real samples detection 15.7.4.1 Creatinine detection in human urine 15.7.4.2 Glucose detection in human saliva 15.8 Conclusion Acknowledgments Declaration of competing interest References 16 Detection of triclosan and sodium lauryl sulfate in environmental samples and cosmetic product by electrochemical sensor... 16.1 Introduction 16.1.1 Wastewater as sources of micropollutants 16.1.2 Current electrochemical sensors for environmental residues 16.1.3 Potential sensors for applications in the fields of virology and oncology 16.1.4 Electronic nose technology 16.2 Experimental 16.2.1 Chemicals and reagents 16.2.2 Polymer synthesis 16.2.3 Electrochemical sensors fabrication steps 16.2.3.1 TCS-MIP sensor 16.2.3.2 SLS-MIP sensor 16.2.4 Surface morphotogical analysis 16.2.5 Electrochemical measurements 16.2.6 E-nose setup and measurement 16.3 Results and discussion 16.3.1 Morphological characterization of the fabricated sensors 16.3.1.1 TCS-MIP sensor 16.3.1.2 SLS-MIP sensor 16.3.2 Electrochemical characterization of the sensors’ fabrication stages 16.3.2.1 Electrochemical characterization: TCS-MIP sensor 16.3.2.2 Electrochemical characterization: SLS-MIP sensor 16.3.3 Reproducibility, selectivity, and stability of the sensor 16.3.3.1 Analytical parameters: TCS-MIP sensor 16.3.3.2 Analytical parameters: SLS-MIP sensor 16.3.4 Practical application 16.3.4.1 TCS detection by MIP in wastewater 16.3.4.2 TCS detection by e-nose in wastewater 16.3.4.3 SLS detection by MIP in cosmetic products 16.4 Conclusion Acknowledgments Declaration of competing interest Appendix A References Index Back Cover