Prebiotics and Probiotics in Disease Regulation and Management

Description

PREBIOTICS AND PROBIOTICS IN DISEASE REGULATION AND MANAGEMENT The book covers all the emerging technologies and the challenges related to the synthesis and application of prebiotics and probiotics including the recent developments in the delivery of prebiotics, probiotics for the treatment of various diseases, the immune-boosting activity of the emerging prebiotics and probiotic ingredients, and the anti-cancer and anti-tumor potential The demand for biobased products is increasing enormously, among which are prebiotic oligosaccharides and probiotics, which occupy a major share of the food industry. Even though the majority of agro waste is currently being used for the production of 2G biofuels, agro waste such as citrus peel, sugar beet pulp, copra meal, and wheat husk can be considered for the production of prebiotic oligosaccharides. Prebiotics are dietary fibers that are selectively fermented by the microbes present in the gut and promote the growth of beneficial bacteria in the intestine and regulate the growth of harmful bacteria. The book highlights the importance of nutraceuticals (prebiotics, and probiotics) in maintaining gut homeostasis, prevention, and treatment of gut-related disorders, as anti-cancer agents, immune-modulatory agents, and treatment of metabolic disorders. It brings out the current challenges involved in the formulation and development of nutraceuticals, together with the application of nanotechnology and bioinformatics-based approaches to study the effect of nutraceuticals on oral health, and gut microflora in a very precise way. Audience The book will be read by food scientists and biotechnologists, as well as researchers in nutraceuticals and food processing research companies, nutraceutical/supplement product developers, and those in pharmaceutical companies. Cover Half-Title Page Title Page Copyright Page Contents Preface 1 Role of Probiotics in Treatment of Gut-Related Diseases 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Major Gut-Related Diseases and Probiotics Interaction 1.1.2 Metabolism in Probiotics 1.1.3 Sources of Probiotics 1.2 Nutrition Enrichment by Probiotics 1.3 Symbiotic Relation of Probiotics in the Gut 1.3.1 Mechanism of Interaction 1.3.2 Escaping Mechanism of Probiotics From Immune Cells 1.4 Probiotics Role in Boosting Host Immunity 1.5 Commercial Probiotic Products Possessing Beneficial Properties 1.5.1 Probiotics in Dairy Products 1.5.2 Fermentation of Fruit Juices With Fortified Probiotic Lactobacilli 1.5.3 Probiotics as Pharmaceutics 1.6 Controversial/Side Effects of Probiotics 1.7 Conclusion 1.8 Future Prospect References 2 Immune Response of Fructo and Galacto-Oligosaccharides Abbreviations 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Sources of FOS and GOS 2.3 Synthesis of FOS and GOS 2.4 Bifidogenesis of FOS and GOS 2.5 Mechanisms of Oligosaccharides Mediated Immune Effects 2.5.1 Intestinal Immune Cells 2.5.2 Intestinal Epithelial Barrier 2.5.3 Microbiota-Dependent Effects of Oligosaccharides 2.5.4 Microbiota Independent Effects of Oligosaccharides 2.5.4.2.1 Intestinal Dendritic Cells 2.5.4.2.2 Macrophage 2.6 Immunomodulatory Effects of Fructooligosaccharides and Galactooligosaccharides 2.6.1 Gastrointestinal Disease 2.6.2 Immune Stimulation 2.6.3 Allergy 2.6.4 Mineral Absorption 2.6.5 Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 2.6.6 Cancer 2.6.7 Cholesterol and Triglyceride Reduction 2.7 Conclusion Acknowledgment References 3 Human Mucosal Organ and Application of Probiotics 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Mode of Action of Probiotics on Human Mucosa 3.2.1 Bifidobacterium 3.2.2 Streptococcus 3.2.3 Lactobacillus 3.3 Application of Probiotics 3.3.1 Probiotics for Gastrointestinal Disorders 3.3.1.1 Inflammatory Bowel Syndrome 3.3.1.2 Colon Cancer 3.3.1.3 Gastric Ulcers 3.3.1.4 Acute Gastroenteritis 3.3.2 Probiotics for Respiratory Disorders 3.3.2.1 Asthma 3.3.2.2 Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury 3.3.2.3 Cystic Fibrosis and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) 3.3.2.4 Viral Infection (Mainly SARS-CoV-2) 3.3.3 Application of Probiotics on Ageing-Related Mucus Impairment 3.4 Conclusion Acknowledgment References 4 Prebiotics and Probiotics as Anticancer Therapeutics Abbreviations 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Prebiotic vs Probiotic 4.2.1 Definition and Difference 4.2.2 Criteria for Use as a Dietary Supplement 4.2.3 Source/Method of Administration 4.3 Prebiotics and Probiotics Association with Gut Microbiota and Human Health 4.3.1 Role of the Gut Microbiota in Overall Human Health 4.3.2 Prebiotic and Probiotic Influence on Gut Microbiome Composition 4.4 Cancer 4.4.1 Procarcinogens and Carcinogens 4.4.2 Types of Cancer 4.4.2.1 Colorectal Cancer (CRC) 4.4.2.2 Gastric Cancer 4.4.2.3 Pancreatic Cancer 4.4.2.4 Prostate Cancer 4.4.2.5 Breast Cancer 4.4.2.6 Skin Cancer 4.5 Anticancer Potential of Probiotics and Prebiotics 4.5.1 Clinical Evidences 4.5.1.1 Clinical Evidence for the Anticancer Potential of Probiotics 4.5.1.2 Clinical Evidences for Anticancer Potential of Prebiotics 4.5.2 Safety and Quality Control Assurance 4.6 Conclusion and Future Prospect Acknowledgment References 5 Application of Nanotechnology in Formulation of Nutraceuticals 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Delivery System 5.2.1 Lipid-Based Delivery System 5.2.1.1 Nanoemulsions 5.2.1.2 Nanoliposomes 5.2.1.3 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC) 5.2.2 Polysaccharide-Based Delivery System 5.2.2.1 Polymeric Nanoparticle 5.2.2.2 Polymeric Micelle 5.2.3 Protein-Based Delivery System 5.3 Advantages of Nanotechnology in Nutraceuticals 5.4 Why are Nanoparticles or Nanomaterials Used? 5.5 Applications and Advantages of Nanotechnology to Improve the Specific Quality 5.6 Challenges Faced During Production of Nutraceuticals Using Nanotechnology 5.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects References 6 Challenges in Development of Prebiotic and Probiotics 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics 6.1.2 History of Probiotics and Prebiotics 6.2 Current Use of Probiotics and Prebiotics for Health Benefits 6.2.1 Prebiotic and Probiotic Health Benefits 6.2.2 Prebiotics and Probiotics Used in Combinatorial Approach for Health Benefits 6.2.3 Limitations of Probiotics 6.3 Development of New Generation of Probiotics/ Prebiotics 6.3.1 Development of New Generation of Probiotics 6.3.2 New Prebiotics With Improved Effect on GIT Microbiota for Health Benefits 6.3.3 Improvement in Viability of Probiotics 6.3.4 Current Trends and Scope for Development References 7 Immunostimulatory Role of Prebiotics and Probiotics 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Prebiotics 7.2.1 Galacto-Oligosaccharides (GOS) 7.2.2 Fructo-Oligosaccharides and Polysaccharides 7.2.3 Raffinose 7.2.4 Human Milk Oligosaccharides 7.2.5 Flavanols 7.2.6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids 7.3 Probiotics 7.4 Role of Prebiotics and Probiotics in Immunorelated Diseases 7.4.1 Multiple Sclerosis (MS) 7.4.2 Respiratory Tract Infections 7.4.3 Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) 7.4.4 Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) 7.4.5 Colorectal Cancer 7.4.6 Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 7.4.7 Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) 7.4.8 Muscle Wasting 7.5 Conclusion Acknowledgment References 8 Bioinformatics and Advanced Research in Gut Microflora 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Computational and Metagenomic Approaches 8.3 Antibiotic Resistance Genes Have Been Revealed in the Gut Microbiota of People Across the Globe 8.4 Microbiota in the Human Intestine 8.5 Probiotics Modes of Action 8.6 Exclusion from Competition 8.7 Bacterial Antagonism 8.8 Antibacterial Activity 8.9 Neutralization of Pathogenic Bacteria-Produced Enterotoxins 8.10 Immune Modulation 8.11 Adhesion to the Digestive System Wall to Prevent Harmful Bacteria From Colonizing 8.12 Competing with Pathogenic Bacteria for Nutrients in the Gut 8.13 Metagenomics in Microbiome and Probiotics Research 8.14 Microbiome and Probiotics Research Challenges 8.15 Potential Prebiotic Screening for Promoting Probiotic Health 8.15.1 Extraction and Characterization of Prebiotics 8.15.2 Screening Prebiotics for Probiotic Growth Promotion 8.15.3 Database System for Prebiotic Research 8.16 Conclusion References 9 Prebiotics and Probiotics in Regulation of Metabolic Disorders Abbreviations 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Probiotics 9.3 Prebiotics 9.4 The Role of Gut Microbiota in Metabolic Disorders 9.4.1 Obesity 9.4.2 Diabetes 9.4.3 Liver Disorders 9.4.4 Cardiometabolic Disorders 9.5 Effect of Prebiotics on Metabolic Disorders 9.5.1 Mechanism of Action 9.5.2 Prebiotics With Other Components 9.6 Effect of Probiotics on Metabolic Disorders 9.6.1 Role of Probiotics on Obesity 9.6.2 Role of Probiotics on Diabetes 9.6.3 Role of Probiotics on Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) 9.6.4 Role of Probiotics on Acute Liver Injury (ALI) 9.6.5 Engineering Probiotics for Targeted Therapeutics 9.7 Conclusion and Future Prospect Acknowledgment References 10 Developing Formulations of Prebiotics and Probiotics 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Probiotics 10.3 Prebiotics 10.4 Synbiotics 10.5 Challenges for New Probiotic and PrebioticBased Foods 10.6 Production of Probiotics at a Low Cost 10.7 Improving Viability of Probiotics 10.8 Conclusions Acknowledgment References 11 Oral Health and Prebiotics 11.1 Introduction 11.1.1 Prebiotic 11.1.2 Prebiotic Selection Criteria 11.1.3 Prebiotics Mechanism of Action 11.2 Oral Microbiota in Health and Disease 11.2.1 Functions of Resident Microbiota 11.2.2 Microbiota Responsible for Oral Diseases 11.2.3 Is Prebiotics Considered a Feasible Substitute for the Treatment of Oral Diseases? 11.2.4 Classification of Prebiotic 11.3 Nitrate as Potential Prebiotic for Oral Health 11.4 Commercial Product of Prebiotic on Oral Health 11.5 Future Viewpoint 11.6 Conclusion Acknowledgement References Index EULA