Statistics in Music Education Research

Description

Cover......Page 1 Half title......Page 2 Statistics in Music Education Research......Page 4 Copyright......Page 5 Dedication......Page 6 Contents......Page 8 Preface......Page 16 About the Companion Website......Page 22 Section I Introduction......Page 24 Hypothesis Testing......Page 26 Measures of Central Tendency......Page 31 Measures of Variability......Page 37 Error......Page 41 Types of Data......Page 43 Types of Statistical Procedures......Page 45 Significance......Page 47 Degrees of Freedom......Page 48 Moving Forward......Page 52 Use of Descriptive Statistics......Page 54 Research Design and Descriptive Statistics......Page 57 Setting Up a Database for Descriptive Statistics......Page 58 Examining the Normality of Descriptive Statistics......Page 59 Analyzing Nominal or Categorical Descriptive Statistics......Page 61 Analyzing Ratio or Scaled Descriptive Data......Page 62 Writing Hints for Descriptive Statistics......Page 65 Descriptive Statistics Exercises......Page 66 Section II Parametric Statistical Procedures......Page 68 Use of Pearson Product-​Moment Correlation Tests......Page 70 Assumptions of Pearson Correlation......Page 73 The Null Hypotheses for the Pearson Product-​Moment Correlation......Page 74 Conducting a Pearson Correlation in SPSS......Page 75 Final Thought on Pearson Correlation......Page 79 Writing Hints for a Pearson Product-​Moment Correlation......Page 80 Pearson Product-​Moment Correlation Exercises......Page 81 Use of the One-​Sample T-​Test......Page 82 Assumptions of One-​Sample T-​Tests......Page 83 Research Design and the One-​Sample T-​Test......Page 84 The Null Hypothesis for the One-​Sample T-​Test......Page 85 Conducting a One-​Sample T-​Test in SPSS......Page 86 Writing Hints for a One-​Sample T-​Test......Page 88 One-​Sample T-​Test Exercises......Page 89 Use of the Dependent-​Samples T-​Test......Page 90 Assumptions of the Dependent-​Samples T-​Test......Page 92 The Null Hypothesis for a Dependent-​Samples T-​Test......Page 93 Conducting a Dependent-​Samples T-​Test in SPSS......Page 94 Writing Hints for Dependent-​Samples T-​Test......Page 100 Dependent-​Samples T-​Test Exercises......Page 101 Use of the Independent-​Samples T-​Test......Page 102 Assumptions of the Independent-​Samples T-​Test......Page 103 Research Design and Independent-​Samples T-​Test......Page 105 The Null Hypothesis for an Independent-​Samples T-​Test......Page 107 Conducting the Independent-​Samples T-​Test in SPSS......Page 108 Writing Hints for Independent-​Samples T-​Tests......Page 113 Final Thought on Independent-​Samples T-​Test......Page 114 Independent-​Samples T-​Test Exercises......Page 115 Use of the Analysis of Variance......Page 116 Post Hoc Tests for ANOVA......Page 117 Assumptions of Univariate ANOVA......Page 118 Research Design and the Univariate ANOVA......Page 120 Setting Up a Database for the Univariate ANOVA......Page 123 Conducting a Univariate ANOVA in SPSS......Page 124 Reporting a Univariate ANOVA......Page 132 Writing Hints for Univariate ANOVA......Page 133 Univariate ANOVA Exercises......Page 134 Use of the Factorial ANOVA......Page 136 Post Hoc Tests for Factorial ANOVA......Page 138 Reporting Factorial Analysis of Covariance in Table Format......Page 139 Assumptions of the Factorial ANOVA......Page 140 The Null Hypotheses for the Factorial ANOVA......Page 141 Conducting a Factorial ANOVA in SPSS......Page 143 Reporting a Factorial ANOVA......Page 149 Writing Hints for Factorial ANOVA......Page 150 Factorial ANOVA Exercises......Page 151 Use of the Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA)......Page 152 Assumptions of MANOVA......Page 154 Research Design and the MANOVA......Page 157 The Null Hypotheses for MANOVA......Page 158 Conducting a MANOVA in SPSS......Page 159 Writing Hints for MANOVA......Page 167 MANOVA Exercises......Page 169 Use of Repeated-​Measures ANOVA......Page 170 Assumptions of the Repeated-​Measures ANOVA......Page 173 Research Design and the Repeated-​Measures ANOVA......Page 174 The Null Hypotheses for the Repeated-​Measures ANOVA......Page 175 Conducting a Repeated-​Measures ANOVA in SPSS......Page 176 Writing Hints for Repeated-​Measures ANOVA......Page 182 Repeated-​Measures ANOVA Exercises......Page 183 Use of the Analysis of Covariance......Page 186 Assumptions of ANCOVA......Page 188 Research Design and the ANCOVA......Page 189 The Null Hypothesis for the ANCOVA......Page 191 Setting Up a Database for the ANCOVA......Page 192 Conducting an ANCOVA in SPSS......Page 193 Reporting an ANCOVA......Page 197 ANCOVA Exercises......Page 198 Use of the Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA)......Page 200 MANCOVA Assumptions......Page 202 MANCOVA Research Design......Page 203 The Null Hypotheses for the MANCOVA......Page 205 Setting Up a Database for a MANCOVA......Page 206 Conducting a MANCOVA in SPSS......Page 207 MANCOVA Exercises......Page 213 Use of Regression Analysis......Page 216 Regression Analysis Assumptions......Page 219 Understanding Some of the Math Used in Regression Analysis......Page 220 Regression Analysis Research Design......Page 221 Setting Up a Database for a Multiple Regression......Page 222 Conducting a Regression Analysis in SPSS......Page 223 Regression-​Analysis Writing Hints......Page 227 Regression-​Analysis Exercises......Page 228 Use of Data Reduction Techniques......Page 230 Data Reduction Terminology......Page 232 Clarifying the Uses of Data Reduction......Page 233 Assumptions of Data Reduction......Page 234 Conducting a Data Reduction Technique in SPSS......Page 235 Reporting a Data Reduction Technique......Page 242 Data Reduction Exercises......Page 244 Model Development in Discriminant Analysis......Page 248 Research Design and Null Hypothesis of Discriminant Analysis......Page 251 Setting Up a Database for a Discriminant Analysis......Page 252 Conducting a Discriminant Analysis in SPSS......Page 253 Reporting a Discriminant Analysis......Page 256 Discriminant Analysis Writing Hints......Page 257 Discriminant Analysis Exercises......Page 258 Section III Reliability Analysis......Page 260 Use of Reliability Analysis......Page 262 Cronbach’s Alpha......Page 263 Conducting Cronbach’s Alpha in SPSS......Page 264 Reporting Cronbach’s Alpha......Page 267 Cronbach’s Alpha Exercises......Page 268 Assumptions of Reliability Analyses......Page 270 Conducting a Split-​Half Reliability Analysis in SPSS......Page 272 Split-​Half Reliability-​Analysis Writing Hints......Page 276 Split-​Half Reliability Exercises......Page 277 Section IV Nonparametric Tests......Page 278 Use of Chi-​Square Tests......Page 280 Assumptions of Chi-​Square Tests......Page 281 Conducting a Chi-​Square Test in SPSS......Page 282 Chi-​Square Writing Hints......Page 289 Chi-​Square Exercises......Page 290 Use of the Mann-​Whitney U Test......Page 292 Assumptions of the Mann-​Whitney U Test......Page 293 Research Design and the Mann-​Whitney U Test......Page 294 Setting Up a Database for a Mann-​Whitney U Test......Page 295 Conducting the Mann-​Whitney U Test in SPSS......Page 296 Mann-​Whitney U Test Writing Hints......Page 299 Mann Whitney U Test Exercises......Page 300 Use of the Kruskal Wallis H Test......Page 302 Assumptions of the Kruskal Wallis H Test......Page 303 Research Design and the Kruskal Wallis Test......Page 305 The Null Hypothesis for the Kruskal Wallis H Test......Page 307 Conducting a Kruskal Wallis H Test in SPSS......Page 308 Kruskal Wallis H Test Writing Hints......Page 311 Kruskal Wallis H Test Exercises......Page 312 Use of Spearman Correlation......Page 314 Assumptions of Spearman Correlation......Page 315 Research Design and Spearman Correlation......Page 316 Setting Up a Database for a Spearman Correlation......Page 317 Conducting a Spearman Correlation in SPSS......Page 318 Spearman Correlation Writing Hints......Page 319 Spearman Correlation Exercises......Page 320 Use of the Wilcoxon Test......Page 322 Assumptions of the Wilcoxon Test......Page 323 The Null Hypothesis for a Wilcoxon Test......Page 324 Setting Up a Database for a Wilcoxon Test......Page 325 Conducting a Wilcoxon Test in SPSS......Page 326 Wilcoxon Writing Hints......Page 328 Wilcoxon Test Exercises......Page 329 Use of Friedman’s Test......Page 330 Research Design and Friedman’s Test......Page 331 The Null Hypotheses for Friedman’s Test......Page 333 Conducting a Friedman’s Test in SPSS......Page 334 Reporting a Friedman’s Test......Page 336 Friedman’s Test Writing Hints......Page 337 Friedman’s Test Exercises......Page 338 Appendix......Page 340 References......Page 344 Index......Page 348