Gender Inequalities in Africa’s Mining Policies: A Study of Inequalities, Resource Conflict and Sustainability

Description

This book develops a discursive ‘equalitarian’ theoretical framework for studying African mining ecosystem issues and policy interventions. The theory of ‘equalitarianism’ is developed as an alternative to the reductionist approach that has dominated post-colonial debates about the classical jus ad bellum requirements to empower women in development spaces. However, the classical approach narrows the debate down to “women issues,” rather than the ‘whole-of-society.’ As a consequence of this reductionism, women continue to be devalued in the mining sector, characterized by poverty traps, power struggles, and a lack of capacity to engage in large-scale mining (LSM) activities. This book advances principles for a holistic approach, and spells out the implications for women across the mining value chain. Drawing on moral scholarship, the book poses that for women to gain access to strategic spaces in the mining sector, the drive for empowerment must be embedded within ‘whole-of-society’ principles. This book is of interest to scholars researching gender policy, public policy, political philosophy, conflictology, and human geography. It also offers practitioners a guide for evaluating their policy work on mainstreaming gender in the mining sector, presenting options for financing, forging partnership and planning for an inclusive economic development in Africa, and beyond.   Foreword Acknowledgements About This Book Contents About the Author Abbreviations and Acronyms List of Figures List of Tables List of Boxes 1 Introduction: A Study of Inequalities, Resource Conflict, and Sustainability 1.1 Contextualizing Mining Governance and Inequalities 1.2 Africa Mining Vision and Gender Equality 1.2.1 Gender References in the AMV 1.2.2 Gender Analysis in the AMV 1.3 Emerging Policy Issues in Mining and Gender Equality 1.4 Approach and Structure of This Work References Part I Equalitarianism and Africa’s Mining Policy Environment 2 Equalitarianism 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Roots of Gender Inequality in the Mining Sector 2.2.1 Mining Lifecycle and Cultural Root 2.2.2 The African State 2.2.3 Governance 2.3 Approaches to Gender Analysis 2.3.1 Women and Human Rights Approach 2.3.2 The Boserup Approach 2.3.3 Women in Development Approach 2.3.4 Women and Development Approach 2.3.5 Gender and Development Approach 2.4 Towards the Theory of Equalitarianism 2.5 Conclusion References 3 Women’s Invisibility in Mining Ecosystem 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Equality, Empowerment, and Mainstreaming 3.3 Women in Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining 3.4 Good Practices: South Africa 3.5 Conclusion References 4 Gender Equality, Mining, and Society 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining Ecosystem 4.3 Women in Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining 4.4 Mining Policy and Legal Frameworks 4.5 Key Characteristics of the ASM Sub-sector 4.6 Challenges and Prospects 4.7 Key Actions and Policy Interventions 4.8 Conclusion References 5 Spatial Inequalities in Mining Spaces 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Overview of the African Mining Vision 5.3 Women and Mineral’s Economy 5.3.1 Ghana 5.3.2 Guinea 5.3.3 United Republic of Tanzania 5.3.4 Democratic Republic of Congo 5.3.5 Zambia 5.3.6 Zimbabwe 5.4 Conclusion References 6 Mining Policy Frameworks 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Mining and Environmental Focus 6.3 African Union Policy Initiatives 6.3.1 Africa Mining Vision 6.3.2 Yaoundé Declaration 6.3.3 Harare Declaration 6.3.4 Durban Declaration 6.3.5 African Mining Partnership 6.4 Gender-Related Policy Frameworks and Initiatives 6.4.1 AU Protocol to the African Charter on Human Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa 6.4.2 Solemn Declaration on Gender Equality in Africa 6.4.3 AU Youth and Women Employment Pact for Africa 6.4.4 AU Common African Position on the Post-2015 Development Agenda 6.4.5 African Women’s Decade (2010–2020) 6.4.6 The Year (2015) of Women’s Empowerment and Development Towards Africa’s Agenda 2063 6.4.7 Improving the Status of Women in Labour Markets 6.5 Women Empowerment Through Policy Development 6.5.1 West African Monetary and Economic Union (WAEMU) Common Mining Code 6.5.2 ECOWAS Initiatives 6.5.3 ECOWAS Directive 6.5.4 ECOWAS Mineral Development Policy 6.5.5 Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa 6.5.6 The Southern African Development Community 6.6 The Role of Governments in Domesticating AMV 6.7 Conclusion References Part II Sustainable Responses to Inequalities 7 Global and Regional Responses 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Global Initiatives 7.2.1 United Nations Global Compact 7.2.2 Women’s Empowerment Principles 7.2.3 Global Mercury Partnership 7.2.4 Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative 7.2.5 International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) Global Policy Dialogue Series 7.2.6 World Gold Council Conflict-Free Gold Standard 7.2.7 Responsible Jewellery Council Certification 7.2.8 OECD Due Diligence Guidance 7.2.9 United States and European Union Supply Chain Initiatives 7.2.10 London Bullion Market Association (LBMA) Responsible Gold Programme 7.2.11 Dubai Multi Commodities Centre (DMCC) Responsible Sourcing 7.2.12 Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) 7.3 African Regional Initiatives 7.3.1 International Conference on the Great Lakes Region 7.3.2 International Tin Research Institute 7.4 Conclusion References 8 Financing Mechanisms 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Funding Framework in the Mining Sector 8.3 Access to Funding Facilities 8.4 Conclusions References 9 Collaboration and Partnerships 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Restrained Partnership Between LSM and ASM 9.3 Why Collaboration Fails in Africa’s Mining Sector 9.4 Possibilities for Collaboration: Education and Training 9.5 Conclusion References 10 Solidarity Model and Mining Industry 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Social and Solidarity Economy Thought Defined 10.3 Mining Sector in Africa: Challenges and Prospects 10.3.1 The Zambian Resource Paradox 10.3.2 Deterrence to Investment in the DRC’s Mining Sector 10.3.3 Cultural Impediments to Women Miners in Ghana 10.4 Integrating SSE in the ASM Ecosystem: An Alternative Model? 10.5 Conclusion References 11 Transparency Model and Mining Industry 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Understanding the EITI Model 11.3 Perspectives on Resource Curse and the EITI Governance Model 11.4 The Paradox of Plenty: Nigeria and Norway Compared 11.5 Conclusion References Conclusion: Policy Responses and Actions Looking Back at the Contours of Inequalities Reflection on What Works and What Does Not Looking Forward to Key Interventions Policy, Legal, and Regulatory Frameworks Access to Finance Productive Collaboration with Post-2015 Development Agenda Women’s Access to Skills Development Alignment with Country Mining Vision with African Mining Vision Alignment with Agenda 2063 Final Remarks References