Wireless Power Transfer: Principles and Applications

Description

Wireless Power Transfer Presents a detailed overview of multiple-objective wireless power transfer (WPT) technologies, including the latest research developments and emerging applications Wireless Power Transfer: Principles and Applications offers comprehensive coverage of all key aspects of wireless power transfer (WPT) technologies, including fundamental theory, intelligent control, configuration analysis, and emerging power electronics techniques. This unique resource is the first book of its kind to provide in-depth discussion of energy transmission control schemes with emphasis on omni-directional vector control, energy-encryption-based security control, demand-based optimal designs for transmitter, pickup, and self-resonance coils, multiple-objective power distribution, and maximum efficiency and power control under various conditions. In addition, this text: Presents the methodologies and approaches of emerging multiple-objective WPT technologies Discusses various applications for wireless charging techniques, including contactless power for electric vehicles, in-flight charging for unmanned aerial vehicles, and underwater wireless charging Covers both intermittent and continuous impedance matching methods for different classes of coils Features more than 400 high-quality illustrations and numerous figures and tables throughout Wireless Power Transfer: Principles and Applications is an invaluable technical reference for academic researchers and industry professionals in power and energy engineering, and an excellent textbook for postgraduate courses in relevant areas of industrial and electronic engineering. Cover Title Page Copyright Contents Author Biographies Preface Acknowledgments Part I Introduction Chapter 1 The Era of Wireless Power Transfer 1.1 The Father of Wireless Power Transfer – Nikola Tesla 1.2 Wireless Power Transfer 1.2.1 Acoustic 1.2.2 Optical 1.2.3 Microwave 1.2.4 Capacitive 1.2.5 Inductive 1.3 About This Book References Chapter 2 Inductive Power Transfer 2.1 Inductive Power Transfer 2.1.1 Principle 2.1.2 1‐to‐1 Transmission 2.1.2.1 Primary Power Source 2.1.2.2 Primary/Secondary Compensation Network 2.1.2.3 Magnetic Coupling 2.1.2.4 Pickup Unit 2.1.3 1‐to‐N Transmission 2.1.3.1 Single‐Frequency Excitation 2.1.3.2 Multifrequency Excitation 2.2 1‐to‐1 Transmission 2.2.1 Coupled Modeling 2.2.1.1 Loosely Coupled Transformer Model 2.2.1.2 T‐model 2.2.1.3 M‐model 2.2.1.4 Discussion 2.2.2 Compensation 2.2.2.1 Series Type 2.2.2.2 Parallel Type 2.2.3 Power Transmission 2.2.3.1 Load Power 2.2.3.2 Efficiency 2.2.3.3 Relationship Between Power and Efficiency 2.2.3.4 Considerations 2.3 1‐to‐n Transmission 2.3.1 General Configuration 2.3.2 Two Pickups System Analysis 2.3.2.1 Modeling 2.3.2.2 Load Power 2.3.2.3 Efficiency 2.3.3 Multiple Pickups System Analysis 2.3.3.1 Modeling 2.3.3.2 Load Power 2.3.3.3 Efficiency 2.3.3.4 Discussion 2.3.4 Cross‐Coupling 2.3.4.1 Cross‐Coupling Effect 2.3.4.2 Frequency Shifting 2.3.4.3 Compensation of Cross‐Coupling 2.4 What Are the Differences Between 1‐to‐1 and 1‐to‐n Transmission 2.4.1 Power Distribution 2.4.2 Transmission Control 2.4.3 Cross‐Coupling Effects 2.4.4 Energy Security References Part II Design Chapter 3 Design and Optimization for Coupled Coils 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Design Considerations 3.2.1 Analysis of Power Transmission 3.2.2 Coil Parameters 3.2.2.1 Electrical Parameters 3.2.2.2 Structure Parameters 3.2.3 Shielding Methods 3.3 Optimal Design 3.3.1 Quality Factor 3.3.1.1 Hollow Winding with Track‐Width Ratio 3.3.1.2 Double‐Layer Printed Spiral Coil 3.3.2 Coupling Effect 3.4 Summary References Chapter 4 Design and Optimization for Power Circuits 4.1 Impedance Matching 4.1.1 Compensation Networks 4.1.1.1 Basic Topologies: SS/SP/PS/PP 4.1.1.2 Hybrid Topologies 4.1.2 Tunable Impedance Matching Networks 4.1.2.1 Discontinuous Adjustment‐Capacitor Array 4.1.2.2 Continuous Adjustment‐Virtual Impedance 4.1.2.3 Hybrid Adjustment 4.2 DC/AC Inverters 4.2.1 Introduction 4.2.2 Wide‐Bandgap Semiconductor Devices 4.2.3 Architectures 4.2.3.1 Single‐Phase Bridge Inverters 4.2.3.2 Class‐E Inverters 4.2.4 Soft Switching 4.2.4.1 Zero‐Current Switching (ZCS) 4.2.4.2 Zero‐Voltage Switching (ZVS) 4.2.5 Control Schemes 4.2.5.1 Pulse‐Width‐Modulation Control 4.2.5.2 Phase‐Shift Control References Part III Control Chapter 5 Control for Single Pickup 5.1 Review of Control Schemes 5.1.1 Factors Affecting Transmission Performances 5.1.1.1 Effects of Magnetic Resonant State 5.1.1.2 Effects of Magnetic Coupling Coefficient and Load Resistance 5.1.2 Controls Ensuring Transmission Performances 5.2 Maximizing Efficiency Control Schemes 5.2.1 Resonant Control Schemes 5.2.1.1 Frequency Tracking 5.2.1.2 Controllable Impedance Matching 5.2.2 Maximizing Efficiency Control Schemes Based on Equivalent Load Resistance Adjustment 5.2.2.1 Equivalent Load Resistance Adjustment Schemes 5.2.2.2 Maximizing Efficiency Tracking Schemes 5.2.2.3 Maximizing Efficiency Control Schemes – Design Examples References Chapter 6 Control Scheme for Multiple‐pickup WPT System 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Transmission Strategy 6.2.1 Single‐frequency Time‐sharing Transmission 6.2.1.1 Modeling and Analysis 6.2.1.2 Verification 6.2.2 Multifrequency Simultaneous Transmission 6.2.2.1 Modeling and Analysis 6.2.2.2 Method of Multifrequency Excitation 6.2.2.3 Discussion 6.3 Impedance Matching Strategy for Multifrequency Transmission 6.3.1 Compensation Network for Multifrequency 6.3.1.1 Dual‐frequency Compensation Network 6.3.1.2 Analysis for Multifrequency Compensation Network 6.3.2 Compensation for Cross‐coupling on the Pickup Side 6.4 Others 6.4.1 Power Allocation 6.4.2 Maximum Efficiency for Multitransmitter 6.4.3 Constant Voltage Control References Chapter 7 Energy Security of Wireless Power Transfer 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Characteristics of Frequency 7.2.1 Frequency Sensitivity 7.2.2 Frequency Splitting 7.3 Energy Encryption 7.3.1 Cryptography 7.3.2 Energy Encryption Scheme 7.4 Verifications 7.4.1 Simulation 7.4.1.1 Case 1 – One Single Transmitter with Authorized Pickups 7.4.1.2 Case 2 – One Single Transmitter with Authorized Pickup and Unauthorized Pickup 7.4.2 Experimentation 7.5 Opportunities References Chapter 8 Omnidirectional Wireless Power Transfer 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Mathematical Analysis 8.2.1 2‐Dimensional WPT with Multiple Pickups 8.2.1.1 Load Current Calculation 8.2.1.2 Output Power Calculation 8.2.1.3 Input Power Calculation 8.2.1.4 Efficiency Calculation 8.2.1.5 Physical Implications of the Input Power in the Form of the Lemniscate of Bernoulli 8.2.1.6 Electromagnetic Position 8.2.2 3‐Dimensional WPT with Multiple Pickups 8.2.2.1 Load Current Calculation 8.2.2.2 Output Power Calculation 8.2.2.3 Input Power Calculation 8.2.2.4 Efficiency Calculation 8.3 Design of Transmitting Coils for Synthetic Magnetic Field 8.4 Design and Control Considerations for Pickup Coils 8.5 Load Detection 8.6 Discussion References Part IV Application Chapter 9 WPT for High‐power Application – Electric Vehicles 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 Origination of WPT for EVs 9.1.2 Development of WPT for EVs 9.1.2.1 Static Wireless Charging 9.1.2.2 Dynamic Wireless Charging 9.1.3 Regulations 9.1.3.1 IEC 9.1.3.2 SAE 9.1.3.3 Other Works 9.2 EV Wireless Charging 9.2.1 Introduction 9.2.2 Static Wireless Charging 9.2.2.1 Introduction 9.2.2.2 Typical Prototypes and Demonstration Projects 9.2.3 Dynamic Wireless Charging 9.2.3.1 Introduction 9.2.3.2 Power Track 9.2.3.3 Typical Demonstration Projects 9.2.4 Market 9.2.5 Patent 9.2.5.1 Previous Development 9.2.5.2 Patents from Enterprises 9.3 Electromagnetic Field Reduction 9.3.1 Standard 9.3.1.1 ICNIRP 9.3.1.2 IEC 9.3.1.3 SAE 9.3.2 Mitigation Schemes 9.3.2.1 Passive Methods 9.3.2.2 Active Methods 9.4 Key Technologies 9.4.1 Foreign Object Detection 9.4.2 Wireless Vehicle‐to‐Grid 9.4.3 Supercapacitor 9.5 Summary 9.5.1 Improvement of the Charging Power 9.5.2 Enhancement of Misalignment Tolerance 9.5.3 Foreign Object Detection 9.5.4 Reduction of Cost 9.5.5 Impact on Power Grid 9.5.6 Promotion of Its Commercialization References Chapter 10 WPT for Low‐Power Applications 10.1 Portable Consumer Electronics 10.1.1 Introduction 10.1.2 Wireless Charging Alliance 10.1.2.1 Wireless Power Consortium 10.1.2.2 Power Matters Alliance 10.1.2.3 Alliance for Wireless Power 10.1.2.4 Others 10.1.3 Wireless Charging Standard 10.1.3.1 Introduction 10.1.3.2 Qi Wireless Charging Standard 10.1.4 Wireless Charging for Mobile Phones 10.1.4.1 Transmission Performance 10.1.4.2 Transmission Stability 10.1.4.3 User Experience (Practicality) 10.1.5 Discussion 10.2 Implantable Medical Devices 10.2.1 Introduction 10.2.2 Wireless Transfer for Implantable Medical Devices 10.2.2.1 Inductive 10.2.2.2 Capacitive 10.2.2.3 Ultrasonic 10.2.3 Various Applications 10.2.3.1 Cochlear Implants 10.2.3.2 Retinal Implants 10.2.3.3 Cortical Implants 10.2.3.4 Peripheral Nerve Implants 10.2.4 Safety Consideration 10.2.4.1 EM Safety 10.2.4.2 Physical Safety 10.2.4.3 Cyber Safety 10.2.5 Future Challenges 10.3 Drones 10.3.1 Introduction 10.3.2 Challenges 10.3.3 Wireless In‐flight Charging of Drones 10.3.4 Discussion 10.4 Underwater Wireless Charging 10.4.1 Introduction 10.4.2 Analysis of UWPT 10.4.2.1 Challenges 10.4.2.2 Analysis 10.4.3 Applications 10.4.4 Discussion References Index EULA