Applications of Nuclear and Radioisotope Technology: For Peace and Sustainable Development

Description

Applications of Nuclear and Radioisotope Technology: For Peace and Sustainable Development presents the latest technology and research on nuclear energy with a practical focus on a variety of applications. Author Dr. Khalid Al-Nabhani provides a thorough and well-rounded view of the status of nuclear power generation in order to promote its benefits towards a sustainable, clean and secure future. This book offers innovative theoretical, analytical, methodological and technological approaches, encourages a positive societal and political uptake. This book enhances awareness of peaceful nuclear applications across a broad spectrum of industries, including power generation, agriculture, and medicine. It presents successful examples and lessons learned across many countries that are working towards their sustainability goals in cooperation with the IAEA and AAEA, to benefit researchers, professionals and decision-makers implementing and developing their own nuclear strategies for the future. Front cover Half title Title Copyright Contents Preface Dedication Chapter 1 History of the atom and the emergence of nuclear energy 1.1 The history of the atom and the beginning of the peaceful nuclear age 1.2 The birth of peaceful nuclear applications 1.3 Basics in the sciences of nuclear radioactive materials 1.3.1 Radiation 1.3.2 Radioactivity 1.3.3 Modes of radioactive decay 1.3.4 Isotopes 1.4 Isotopes separation methodologies 1.4.1 Gaseous diffusion approach 1.4.2 Gas centrifugation 1.4.3 Laser isotope separation 1.4.4 In-situ Uranium-235 recovery based on prompt fission neutrons technology 1.5 Production of radionuclides 1.5.1 Induced fission 1.5.2 Fusion 1.5.3 Neutron activation 1.5.4 Cyclotrons and synchrotron 1.5.5 The radionuclide generator 1.5.6 The mass spectrometer 1.6 Conclusion References Chapter 2 The role of international law via NPT in promoting nuclear peaceful applications 2.1 Introduction 2.2 What are nuclear weapons? 2.3 An overview of nuclear weapons proliferation 2.4 An overview of the nonproliferation treaty 2.5 Nonproliferation treaty’s strengths and weakness 2.6 Nonproliferation treaty from realism theory 2.7 Nonproliferation treaty from liberalism theory 2.7.1 International treaties (nonproliferation of nuclear weapons treaty and banning nuclear weapon tests treaty) 2.7.2 International institutions (Security Council, The International Court of Justice, and the International Atomic Energy Agency) 2.8 History of the emergence of peaceful nuclear applications 2.9 Conclusion References Chapter 3 Applications of nuclear science and radioisotopes technology in power generation, hydrogen economy, and transport 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Nuclear power history 3.3 The working principle of nuclear power plants 3.4 Nuclear power plant safety 3.5 Common types of nuclear reactors 3.5.1 Pressure water reactors 3.5.2 Boiling water reactors 3.5.3 Pressure tube heavy water-moderated reactors 3.5.4 Pressure tube graphite-moderated reactors 3.5.5 Graphite-moderated gas-cooled reactors 3.6 Sustainability of the nuclear hydrogen economy 3.7 The synergy between the nuclear plant and the hydrogen production station 3.8 Hydrogen economy applications in the industry and transport 3.9 Hydrogen fuel cycle 3.10 Conclusion References Chapter 4 Applications of nuclear science and radioisotope technology in the industries, and in environmental sustainability 4.1 Introduction 4.2 The role of nuclear science in mineral exploration 4.2.1 Natural radiation-based analysis (radiometric surveys) 4.2.2 Gamma ray-based analysis 4.2.3 Neutron activation analysis 4.2.4 X-ray analysis techniques 4.2.5 Radiotracers approach 4.3 The role of radiotracers in enhancing oil and gas recovery 4.4 Leak detection in industrial applications using radiotracers 4.5 Nucleonic gauges 4.6 Nondestructive industrial radiography 4.6.1 X-ray computed tomography 4.6.2 Gamma-ray-tomography 4.6.3 Neutron radiography 4.7 Radiotracers applications in detecting dams and hydroengineering systems leaks 4.8 Nuclear technology role in fraud food control 4.9 Industrial applications of ionized radiation in cross-linking polymerization 4.9.1 Radiation-based cross-linking polymerization of electrical wires and cables 4.9.2 Radiation-based cross-linking polymerization of polymeric foams 4.9.3 Radiation-based cross-linking polymerization of medical devices 4.9.4 Radiation-based cross-linking polymerization of tires 4.9.5 Radiation-based cross-linking polymerization of food packaging 4.10 Nuclear technology offers a feasible option for power cogeneration and production of fresh water 4.11 The role of nuclear power in environmental remediation for industry & pollution management 4.11.1 The role of nuclear technology in reducing greenhouse gas from agriculture activities 4.11.2 The role of nuclear and radioisotopes technology in the assessment of ocean acidification and climate change impacts 4.11.3 The role of nuclear technology in protecting the environment by detecting landmines 4.11.4 The role of nuclear technology in wastewater treatment using ionized radiation approach 4.12 Conclusion References Chapter 5 Application of nuclear science and radioisotopes technology in the sustainability of agriculture and water resources, and food safety 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Peaceful nuclear application in agriculture 5.2.1 Sterile insect technique 5.3 Soil erosion tracing technology 5.4 Study of plant nutrition through radioisotopic technology 5.5 Breeding genome mapping (DNA marker) technology based on nuclear mutation 5.6 Food irradiation technique 5.7 Conclusion References Chapter 6 Applications of nuclear science and radioisotope technology in advanced sciences and scientific research (space, nuclear forensics, nuclear medicine, archaeology, hydrology, etc.) 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Nuclear science and radioisotope technology applications in health 6.2.1 History of nuclear medicine 6.2.2 Nuclear medicine 6.2.3 Diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals 6.2.4 Positron emission tomography & single-photon emission computed tomography-nuclear imaging 6.2.5 Antibiotic irradiation 6.2.6 Sterilizing medical products 6.3 Nuclear forensics and crime management 6.3.1 Why nuclear forensics? 6.3.2 Nuclear forensics technologies in support of crime investigation 6.4 The role of radiometric dating in archaeology, geology, paleoclimatology, and hydrology 6.4.1 Common radiometric dating methods 6.5 Water resources management using isotopic technology 6.5.1 Isotopic composition of water 6.5.2 How old is water? 6.5.3 What else do nuclear science and radioisotope technologies tell us about water? 6.6 The role of nuclear science in space exploration 6.6.1 The history of nuclear applications in space 6.6.2 The role of nuclear energy in space 6.6.3 Nuclear propulsion in space 6.7 Conclusion References Chapter 7 Nuclear safety & security 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Nuclear safety-based quantitative risk assessment and dynamic accident modeling 7.2.1 The working principle of the quantitative risk assessment and dynamic accident modeling using the SMART approach 7.2.2 An overview of an emergency response plan to protect public in case of a nuclear or radiological emergency 7.2.3 Human reliability assessment in nuclear industry 7.3 Insiders threat to nuclear safety and security 7.4 Insiders and nuclear cyberterrorism 7.5 Design-based threat 7.6 Indicators of nuclear terrorism and illicit nuclear trafficking 7.7 Detection of smuggled nuclear and radioactive materials 7.8 Nuclear security is a national and international security issue-nuclear intelligence 7.9 Main nuclear security conventions and legal instruments 7.9.1 Treaty on the nonproliferation of nuclear weapons 7.9.2 Convention on the physical protection of nuclear material 7.9.3 Convention on early notification of a nuclear accident & Convention on assistance in the case of a nuclear accident or radiological emergency 7.9.4 Convention on nuclear safety 7.10 Conclusion References Chapter 8 Conclusions and recommendations 8.1 Conclusion 8.2 Recommendations Glossary Appendix 1 List of countries that have cleared irradiated food for human consumption (World Health Organization, 1988) Appendix 2 General Safety Requirements Nuclear Security Guidelines No. GSR Part 7: Preparedness and Response for a Nuclear or Radiological Emergency Appendix 3 Human Reliability Assessment Appendix 4 IAEA Nuclear Security Series No. 8-G (Rev. 1): Ppreventive and Protective Measures Against Insider Threats Appendix 5 Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons-NPT Appendix 6 Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material - CPPNM Appendix 7 The Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident Appendix 8 Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency Appendix 9 Convention on Nuclear Safety Index Back cover