Storage of LPG in Large Rock Caverns

Description

This book uses actual construction projects as examples to elaborate the various technologies regarding groundwater control and air-tightness guarantees for the construction of large storage rock caverns in complicated geological conditions. It introduces the latest technologies to give hands-on experience of what to do in unexpected geological conditions, and provides insight into the design, construction and operation of underground facilities. The book is hence useful in feasibility studies, developments and other research into these underground facilities. Drawing on the experience gained from building Japan's largest LPG storage caves, Storage of LPG in Large Rock Caverns is a must-read for engineers, academics and students in the fields of rock mechanics, geotechnical engineering and related disciplines. Cover Half Title Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents About the Principal Author Publication Committee Acknowledgements Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Underground Storage of Oil and Gas 1.3 Projects for Case Study 1.3.1 Japan’s National Oil Gas Stockpile Facilities 1.3.1.1 The Kurashiki Facility 1.3.1.2 The Namikata Facility 1.3.1.3 Technical Issues on Construction 1.4 Composition of This Book References and Further Readings Chapter 2 Basic Plan of LPG Storage Cavern and Geology 2.1 Structure of Rock Cavern Storage 2.2 Design and Construction System of LPG Storage Caverns 2.2.1 Geology of the Construction Sites 2.2.1.1 The Kurashiki Facility 2.2.1.2 The Namikata Facility 2.2.2 Method of Groundwater Control 2.2.3 Shape of the Storage Caverns 2.2.3.1 Rock Property 2.2.3.2 Shape of Cavern and Basic Pattern of Support 2.2.4 Arrangement of Water Curtains 2.2.4.1 Water Curtains of the Kurashiki Facility 2.2.4.2 Water Curtains of the Namikata Facility 2.2.5 Confirmation of Air-tightness of LPG Rock Cavern Storage References and Further Readings Chapter 3 3-Dimensional Hydrogeological Model 3.1 Hydrogeological Structure of the Construction Sites 3.1.1 Kurashiki Facility Site 3.1.2 Namikata Facility Site 3.2 Groundwater Measurement System of Whole Storage Area 3.2.1 The Kurashiki Facility 3.2.2 The Namikata Facility 3.3 3D Modelling of Hydrogeological Structure 3.3.1 Application of Geostatistics 3.3.1.1 Geostatistics 3.3.1.2 Geostatistical Technique 3.3.2 Constructing a Hydrogeological Model Using Actual Data at Excavation 3.3.2.1 Example of Constructing a Hydrogeological Model 3.3.2.2 Application of the Hydrogeological Model 3.4 Prediction of Behaviour of Groundwater by the Hydrogeological Model During Excavation 3.4.1 The Kurashiki Facility 3.4.2 The Namikata Facility References and Further Readings Chapter 4 Groundwater Controlling System 4.1 Construction of Groundwater Control System (Water Curtains) 4.1.1 General Policy in Constructing Water Curtains 4.1.2 Construction Method of the Water Curtain System 4.1.2.1 Hydrological Test During Drilling Water Curtain Borehole 4.1.2.2 Functionality Test of the Injection Boreholes 4.1.2.3 Evaluation of Functionality of the Water Curtain System 4.1.3 Confirmation of Effect of Water Curtain 4.1.3.1 Case of the Kurashiki Facility 4.1.3.2 Case of the Namikata Facility 4.2 Construction of Groundwater Control System (Grouting) 4.2.1 Design and Procedure of Grouting 4.2.1.1 Set Up of the Target Values and Extent of Grouting 4.2.1.2 Grouting Pattern and Specification of Injection 4.2.1.3 Grouting Pattern and Specification of Injection at the Namikata Facility 4.2.2 Performance of Grouting and Improvement Effect 4.2.2.1 Performance in the Kurashiki Facility 4.2.2.2 Performance in the Namikata Facility 4.3 Evaluation of the Groundwater Control System 4.3.1 The Kurashiki Facility 4.3.2 The Namikata Facility 4.3.3 Addition of Post-Grouting Based on Pressurised Water Sealing Test References and Further Readings Chapter 5 Mechanical Stability of Storage Cavern 5.1 Excavation of Storage Cavern 5.1.1 Excavation Procedure 5.1.2 Designing Supports 5.1.2.1 Rock Properties 5.1.2.2 Designing Support in the Storage Cavern 5.1.2.3 Measurement Management 5.1.3 Assessment of Cavern Stability at Cavern Excavation 5.1.3.1 Excavation of Arches 5.1.3.2 Excavation of Benches 5.2 Mechanical Stability of Water Curtain at Pressurisation 5.2.1 The Kurashiki Facility 5.2.2 The Namikata Facility References and Further Readings Chapter 6 Air-tightness Test 6.1 Air-tightness Test in a Small Reconnaissance Tunnel 6.1.1 Preliminary Test Using Small Tunnel 6.1.1.1 Applicability of Evaluation Method of Air-tightness Using Variation of Internal Pressure of the Cavern 6.1.1.2 Variation of Pore Water Pressure at Pressurised Air Injection 6.1.2 Outline of the Test 6.1.3 Hydrogeological Structure of the Test Tunnel 6.1.4 Test Procedure 6.1.5 Test Result 6.1.5.1 Applicability of the Evaluation Criteria of Air-tightness Based On Variation of Internal Pressure of Cavern 6.1.5.2 Behaviour of Pore Water Pressure at Injection 6.2 Air-tightness Test of Underground Cavern 6.2.1 Air-tightness Test 6.2.2 Constructing Measurement System for Air-tightness Assessment 6.2.2.1 Optimum Pattern of Thermometer Installation by 3D Air Flow Analysis 6.2.2.2 Precision Management of the Measurement System 6.2.3 Methodology and Judgement Criteria of the Air-tightness 6.2.3.1 Depth Correction for Measured Air Pressure of the Storage Cavern 6.2.3.2 Correction for Internal Temperature of the Storage Cavern and Gas Phase Volume 6.2.3.3 Correction for Variation of Air Volume due to Dissolution into Seepage 6.2.3.4 Criterion for Air-tightness 6.2.4 Evaluation of Water-tightness at Pressurised Injection 6.2.4.1 Pressurised Injection Plan 6.2.4.2 Behaviour of Groundwater at Pressurising of the Cavern 6.2.4.3 Evaluation of Air-tightness by Analysis by 3D Hydrogeological Model 6.2.5 Results of the Air-tightness Test of Storage Caverns 6.2.5.1 Evaluation of Temperature Stability at Pressurised Injection 6.2.5.2 Evaluation of Air-tightness of Storage Cavern References and Further Readings Chapter 7 Cavern Storage and Surrounding Groundwater During Operation 7.1 Operation Facility of the Storage Caverns 7.1.1 Safety Management of Storage Cavern 7.1.2 Operational Equipment 7.1.2.1 Reception Equipment 7.1.2.2 Dispatch Equipment 7.1.2.3 Bed Water Drainage Equipment 7.1.2.4 Sealing Water System 7.1.2.5 Safety and Disaster Prevention System 7.2 Measurement Management During Operation 7.2.1 Behaviour of Groundwater 7.2.2 Mechanical Stability of the Caverns 1. AE Measurements 2. Measurements of Acceleration 3. Vibration Measurements 4. Measurement of Earthquakes 7.2.3 Water Quality Management 7.3 Method of Test Run 7.3.1 Procedure of Test Run 1. Depressurisation and Water Filling 2. Inertness 3. Gas Injection and Draining 4. Initial Reception of LPG 7.3.2 Example of Test Operation 7.3.2.1 Cavern Depressurisation and Water Filling 7.3.2.2 Nitrogen Inerting 7.3.2.3 Gas Filling 7.3.2.4 First Reception of LPG 7.3.2.5 Assessment of Water-tightness and Stability of Cavern at Test Operation 7.4 Evaluation of the Groundwater Control System 7.4.1 Result of Measurements During Operation 7.4.1.1 Example from the Kurashiki Facility 7.4.1.2 Example from the Namikata Facility 7.4.2 Assessment of Water-tightness and Long-Term Prediction with the 3D Heterogeneous Model 7.4.2.1 Example from the Kurashiki Facility 7.4.2.2 Example from the Namikata Facility References and Further Readings Index