A brief history of computing
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Computing in Early Civilisations -- What Is a Computer? -- Early Computers -- Developments in the 1950s-1970s -- Revolutions in the 1980s and 1990s -- IBM -- Technology Companies -- The Internet Revolution -- History of Programming Languages -- History of Software Engineering -- People in Computing -- Foundations (Boole and Babbage) -- Claude Shannon -- Alan Turing -- Artificial Intelligence Cover......Page 1 A Brief History of Computing......Page 4 Overview......Page 8 Organisation and Features......Page 9 Audience......Page 10 Acknowledgements......Page 12 Contents......Page 14 List of Figures......Page 20 List of Tables......Page 24 1.1 Introduction......Page 25 1.2 The Babylonians......Page 28 1.3 The Egyptians......Page 30 1.4 The Greeks......Page 32 1.5 The Romans......Page 40 1.6 Islamic Influence......Page 43 1.7 Chinese and Indian Mathematics......Page 45 1.9 Summary......Page 46 2.1 Introduction......Page 47 2.2 Mechanical Calculators......Page 48 2.3 Analog Computers......Page 49 2.4 Digital Computers......Page 50 2.4.1 Vacuum Tubes......Page 51 2.4.2 Transistors......Page 52 2.4.3 Integrated Circuits......Page 53 2.4.4 Microprocessors......Page 54 2.5 von Neumann Architecture......Page 55 2.6 Hardware and Software......Page 56 2.8 Summary......Page 57 3.1 Introduction......Page 59 3.2 Zuse´s Machines......Page 60 3.3 Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)......Page 61 3.4 The Bletchley Park Contribution......Page 63 3.5 ENIAC, EDVAC and UNIVAC......Page 67 3.6 The Manchester University Contribution......Page 70 3.6.2 Manchester Mark 1......Page 71 3.6.3 Ferranti Mark 1......Page 73 3.8 The Australian Contribution......Page 74 3.10 Summary......Page 75 4.1 Introduction......Page 77 4.2 SAGE......Page 78 4.3 IBM Contributions......Page 81 4.4 PDP Minicomputers......Page 82 4.4.1 Spacewar Computer Game......Page 83 4.5 Home Computers......Page 84 4.7 Summary......Page 86 5.1 Introduction......Page 87 5.2 The Personal PC Revolution......Page 88 5.3 The Mobile Phone Revolution......Page 90 5.4 Birth of the World Wide Web......Page 91 5.6 Summary......Page 92 6.1 Introduction......Page 94 6.2 Early IBM Computers......Page 97 6.3 The IBM System/360......Page 100 6.4 The 1970s......Page 101 6.5 The IBM Personal Computer Revolution......Page 102 6.6 The 1980s and 1990s......Page 103 6.7 Challenges for IBM......Page 105 6.9 Summary......Page 106 7.1 Introduction......Page 108 7.2 Microsoft......Page 109 7.2.2 The Browser Wars......Page 110 7.3 Apple......Page 111 7.4 Digital Research......Page 113 7.5 Digital Corporation......Page 114 7.6 Intel Corporation......Page 115 7.7 Oracle......Page 116 7.8 Amdahl......Page 117 7.9 HP......Page 118 7.10 Siemens......Page 119 7.11 Motorola......Page 120 7.12 Philips......Page 122 7.14 Summary......Page 123 8.1 Introduction......Page 124 8.2 The ARPANET......Page 125 8.3 TCP/IP......Page 127 8.4 Birth of the Internet......Page 128 8.5 Birth of the World Wide Web......Page 129 8.7 Dot-Com Companies......Page 131 8.7.1 Dot-Com Failures......Page 133 8.7.3 Bubble and Burst......Page 135 8.9 E-Software Development......Page 138 8.10 E-Commerce Security......Page 140 8.11 Review Questions......Page 141 8.12 Summary......Page 142 9.1 Introduction......Page 143 9.3 Imperative Programming Languages......Page 146 9.3.1 FORTRAN and COBOL......Page 147 9.3.2 ALGOL......Page 149 9.3.3 Pascal and C......Page 150 9.4 Object-Oriented Languages......Page 154 9.4.1 C++ and Java......Page 155 9.5 Functional Programming Languages......Page 157 9.5.1 Miranda......Page 158 9.5.2 Lambda Calculus......Page 160 9.6 Logic Programming Languages......Page 161 9.7 Syntax and Semantics......Page 163 9.7.1 Programming Language Semantics......Page 164 9.9 Summary......Page 165 10.1 Introduction......Page 167 10.2 What Is Software Engineering?......Page 169 10.3 Early Software Engineering......Page 174 10.4 Software Engineering Mathematics......Page 176 10.5 Formal Methods......Page 177 10.5.1 Why Should We Use Formal Methods?......Page 179 10.5.2 Applications of Formal Methods......Page 180 10.5.4 Model-Oriented Approach......Page 181 10.5.5 Axiomatic Approach......Page 182 10.5.6 Proof and Formal Methods......Page 183 10.5.7 The Future of Formal Methods......Page 184 10.6 Propositional and Predicate Calculus......Page 185 10.7 Unified Modelling Language......Page 186 10.8 Software Inspections and Testing......Page 187 10.9 Process Maturity Models......Page 188 10.11 Summary......Page 191 11.1 Introduction......Page 193 11.2 Zuse......Page 194 11.3 von Neumann......Page 195 11.5 Gene Amdahl......Page 197 11.6 Fred Brooks......Page 198 11.7 Donald Knuth......Page 200 11.8 C.A.R Hoare......Page 201 11.9 Edsger Dijkstra......Page 202 11.10 David Parnas......Page 204 11.12 Richard Stallman......Page 205 11.13 Ed Yourdan......Page 207 11.14 Stephan Wolfram......Page 208 11.15 Tim Berners-Lee......Page 209 11.16 Wilhelm Gottfried Leibniz......Page 210 11.17 Archimedes......Page 211 11.19 Summary......Page 212 12.1 Introduction......Page 214 12.2 George Boole......Page 215 12.2.1 Modern Boolean Algebra......Page 218 12.2.2 Switching Circuits and Boolean Algebra......Page 219 12.3 Charles Babbage......Page 221 12.3.1 Difference Engine......Page 222 12.3.2 Finite Differences......Page 224 12.3.3 Analytic Engine......Page 225 12.5 Summary......Page 227 13.1 Introduction......Page 229 13.2 Boolean Algebra and Switching Circuits......Page 231 13.2.1 Properties of Circuits......Page 232 13.2.2 Digital Circuits and Boolean Logic......Page 233 13.2.3 Implementation of Boolean Logic......Page 234 13.3 Information Theory......Page 235 13.4 Cryptography......Page 237 13.6 Summary......Page 238 14.1 Introduction......Page 239 14.2 Turing Machines......Page 240 14.3 Bletchley Park and the Enigma Codes......Page 243 14.4 National Physical Laboratory......Page 244 14.5 Turing Test in AI......Page 245 14.8 Summary......Page 247 15.1 Introduction......Page 249 15.2 René Descartes......Page 251 15.3 The Field of Artificial Intelligence......Page 254 15.3.1 Turing Test and Strong AI......Page 256 15.3.1.2 Weak AI......Page 257 15.4 Philosophy and AI......Page 258 15.5 Cognitive Psychology......Page 261 15.6 Linguistics......Page 263 15.7 Cybernetics......Page 264 15.8 Logic and AI......Page 265 15.9 Computability, Incompleteness and Decidability......Page 266 15.10 Robots......Page 267 15.11 Neural Networks......Page 268 15.12 Expert Systems......Page 269 15.13 Review Questions......Page 271 15.14 Summary......Page 272 Glossary......Page 273 References......Page 277 Index......Page 280
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