Chemistry

Description

NOTE: You are purchasing a standalone product; MasteringA&P does not come packaged with this content. If you would like to purchase both the physical text and MasteringA&P search for ISBN-10: 0321940873/ISBN-13: 9780321940872 . That package includes ISBN-10: 0321943171/ISBN-13: 9780321943170 and ISBN-10: 013389178X/ISBN-13: 9780133891782. For two-semester general chemistry courses (science majors).   Make critical connections in chemistry clear and visible McMurry/Fay/Robinson’s Chemistry, Seventh Edition, aims to help students understand the connections between topics in general chemistry and why they matter. The Seventh Edition provides a concise and streamlined narrative that blends the quantitative and visual aspects of chemistry, demonstrates the connections between topics, and illustrates the application of chemistry to their lives and careers. New content offers a better bridge between organic and biochemistry and general chemistry content, and new and improved pedagogical features make the text a true teaching tool rather than just a reference book.   New MasteringChemistry features include conceptual worked examples and integrated Inquiry sections that help make critical connections clear and visible and increase students’ understanding of chemistry. The Seventh Edition fully integrates the text with new MasteringChemistry content and functionality to support the learning process before, during, and after class. Also Available with MasteringChemistry®. MasteringChemistry from Pearson is the leading online homework, tutorial, and assessment system, designed to improve results by engaging students before, during, and after class with powerful content. Instructors ensure students arrive ready to learn by assigning educationally effective content before class, and encourage critical thinking and retention with in-class resources such as Learning Catalytics. Students can further master concepts after class through traditional and adaptive homework assignments that provide hints and answer-specific feedback. The Mastering gradebook records scores for all automatically graded assignments in one place, while diagnostic tools give instructors access to rich data to assess student understanding and misconceptions.   Mastering brings learning full circle by continuously adapting to each student and making learning more personal than ever–before, during, and after class.   Cover Title Page Copyright Page About the Authors Acknowledgments Contents Preface For Instructors 1 Chemical Tools: Experimentation and Measurement 1.1 The Scientific Method in a Chemical Context: Improved Pharmaceutical Insulin 1.2 Experimentation and Measurement 1.3 Mass and Its Measurement 1.4 Length and Its Measurement 1.5 Temperature and Its Measurement 1.6 Derived Units: Volume and Its Measurement 1.7 Derived Units: Density and Its Measurement 1.8 Derived Units: Energy and Its Measurement 1.9 Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures in Measurement 1.10 Rounding Numbers 1.11 Calculations: Converting from One Unit to Another INQUIRY What are the unique properties of nanoscale materials? Study Guide Key Terms Key Equations Conceptual Problems Section Problems Chapter Problems 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions 2.1 Chemistry and the Elements 2.2 Elements and the Periodic Table 2.3 Some Common Groups of Elements and Their Properties 2.4 Observations Supporting Atomic Theory: The Conservation of Mass and the Law of Definite Proportions 2.5 The Law of Multiple Proportions and Dalton’s Atomic Theory 2.6 Atomic Structure: Electrons 2.7 Atomic Structure: Protons and Neutrons 2.8 Atomic Numbers 2.9 Atomic Weights and the Mole 2.10 Mixtures and Chemical Compounds; Molecules and Covalent Bonds 2.11 Ions and Ionic Bonds 2.12 Naming Chemical Compounds INQUIRY How is the principle of atom economy used to minimize waste in a chemical synthesis? Study Guide Key Terms Conceptual Problems Section Problems Chapter Problems 3 Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions 3.1 Representing Chemistry on Different Levels 3.2 Balancing Chemical Equations 3.3 Chemical Arithmetic: Stoichiometry 3.4 Yields of Chemical Reactions 3.5 Reactions with Limiting Amounts of Reactants 3.6 Percent Composition and Empirical Formulas 3.7 Determining Empirical Formulas: Elemental Analysis 3.8 Determining Molecular Weights: Mass Spectrometry INQUIRY Can alternative fuels decrease CO[Sub2] emissions? Study Guide Key Terms Key Equations Conceptual Problems Section Problems Chapter Problems 4 Reactions in Aqueous Solution 4.1 Solution Concentration: Molarity 4.2 Diluting Concentrated Solutions 4.3 Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution 4.4 Types of Chemical Reactions in Aqueous Solution 4.5 Aqueous Reactions and Net Ionic Equations 4.6 Precipitation Reactions and Solubility Guidelines 4.7 Acids, Bases, and Neutralization Reactions 4.8 Solution Stoichiometry 4.9 Measuring the Concentration of a Solution: Titration 4.10 Oxidation–Reduction (Redox) Reactions 4.11 Identifying Redox Reactions 4.12 The Activity Series of the Elements 4.13 Redox Titrations 4.14 Some Applications of Redox Reactions INQUIRY How do sports drinks replenish the chemicals lost in sweat? Study Guide Key Terms Key Equations Conceptual Problems Section Problems Chapter Problems Multiconcept Problems 5 Periodicity and the Electronic Structure of Atoms 5.1 The Nature of Radiant Energy and the Electromagnetic Spectrum 5.2 Particlelike Properties of Radiant Energy: The Photoelectric Effect and Planck’s Postulate 5.3 The Interaction of Radiant Energy with Atoms: Line Spectra 5.4 The Bohr Model of the Atom: Quantized Energy 5.5 Wavelike Properties of Matter: de Broglie’s Hypothesis 5.6 The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom: Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle 5.7 The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom: Orbitals and Quantum Numbers 5.8 The Shapes of Orbitals 5.9 Electron Spin and the Pauli Exclusion Principle 5.10 Orbital Energy Levels in Multielectron Atoms 5.11 Electron Configurations of Multielectron Atoms 5.12 Anomalous Electron Configurations 5.13 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table 5.14 Electron Configurations and Periodic Properties: Atomic Radii INQUIRY How does knowledge of atomic emission spectra help us build more efficient light bulbs? Study Guide Key Terms Key Equations Conceptual Problems Section Problems Chapter Problems Multiconcept Problems 6 Ionic Compounds: Periodic Trends and Bonding Theory 6.1 Electron Configurations of Ions 6.2 Ionic Radii 6.3 Ionization Energy 6.4 Higher Ionization Energies 6.5 Electron Affinity 6.6 The Octet Rule 6.7 Ionic Bonds and the Formation of Ionic Solids 6.8 Lattice Energies in Ionic Solids INQUIRY How has an understanding of ionic compounds led to the production of safer solvents? Study Guide Key Terms Key Equations Conceptual Problems Section Problems Chapter Problems Multiconcept Problems 7 Covalent Bonding and Electron-Dot Structures 7.1 Covalent Bonding in Molecules 7.2 Strengths of Covalent Bonds 7.3 Polar Covalent Bonds: Electronegativity 7.4 A Comparison of Ionic and Covalent Compounds 7.5 Electron-Dot Structures: The Octet Rule 7.6 Procedure for Drawing Electron-Dot Structures 7.7 Drawing Electron-Dot Structures for Radicals 7.8 Electron-Dot Structures of Compounds Containing Only Hydrogen and Second-Row Elements 7.9 Electron-Dot Structures and Resonance 7.10 Formal Charges INQUIRY How do we make organophosphate insecticides less toxic to humans? Study Guide Key Terms Key Equations Conceptual Problems Section Problems Chapter Problems Multiconcept Problems 8 Covalent Compounds: Bonding Theories and Molecular Structure 8.1 Molecular Shapes: The VSEPR Model 8.2 Valence Bond Theory 8.3 Hybridization and sp[Sup(3)] Hybrid Orbitals 8.4 Other Kinds of Hybrid Orbitals 8.5 Polar Covalent Bonds and Dipole Moments 8.6 Intermolecular Forces 8.7 Molecular Orbital Theory: The Hydrogen Molecule 8.8 Molecular Orbital Theory: Other Diatomic Molecules 8.9 Combining Valence Bond Theory and Molecular Orbital Theory INQUIRY Why do different drugs have different physiological responses? Study Guide Key Terms Conceptual Problems Section Problems Chapter Problems Multiconcept Problems 9 Thermochemistry: Chemical Energy 9.1 Energy and Its Conservation 9.2 Internal Energy and State Functions 9.3 Expansion Work 9.4 Energy and Enthalpy 9.5 Thermochemical Equations and the Thermodynamic Standard State 9.6 Enthalpies of Chemical and Physical Changes 9.7 Calorimetry and Heat Capacity 9.8 Hess’s Law 9.9 Standard Heats of Formation 9.10 Bond Dissociation Energies 9.11 Fossil Fuels, Fuel Efficiency, and Heats of Combustion 9.12 An Introduction to Entropy 9.13 An Introduction to Free Energy INQUIRY How is the energy content of new fuels determined? Study Guide Key Terms Key Equations Conceptual Problems Section Problems Chapter Problems Multiconcept Problems 10 Gases: Their Properties and Behavior 10.1 Gases and Gas Pressure 10.2 The Gas Laws 10.3 The Ideal Gas Law 10.4 Stoichiometric Relationships with Gases 10.5 Mixtures of Gases: Partial Pressure and Dalton’s Law 10.6 The Kinetic–Molecular Theory of Gases 10.7 Gas Diffusion and Effusion: Graham’s Law 10.8 The Behavior of Real Gases 10.9 The Earth’s Atmosphere and Air Pollution 10.10 The Greenhouse Effect 10.11 Climate Change INQUIRY Which gases are greenhouse gases? Study Guide Key Terms Key Equations Conceptual Problems Section Problems Chapter Problems Multiconcept Problems 11 Liquids, Solids, and Phase Changes 11.1 Properties of Liquids 11.2 Phase Changes between Solids, Liquids, and Gases 11.3 Evaporation, Vapor Pressure, and Boiling Point 11.4 Kinds of Solids 11.5 Probing the Structure of Solids: X-Ray Crystallography 11.6 The Packing of Spheres in Crystalline Solids: Unit Cells 11.7 Structures of Some Ionic Solids 11.8 Structures of Some Covalent Network Solids 11.9 Phase Diagrams INQUIRY How is caffeine removed from coffee? Study Guide Key Terms Key Equations Conceptual Problems Section Problems Chapter Problems Multiconcept Problems 12 Solutions and Their Properties 12.1 Solutions 12.2 Energy Changes and the Solution Process 12.3 Concentration Units for Solutions 12.4 Some Factors That Affect Solubility 12.5 Physical Behavior of Solutions: Colligative Properties 12.6 Vapor-Pressure Lowering of Solutions: Raoult’s Law 12.7 Boiling-Point Elevation and Freezing-Point Depression of Solutions 12.8 Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure 12.9 Fractional Distillation of Liquid Mixtures INQUIRY How does hemodialysis cleanse the blood of patients with kidney failure? Study Guide Key Terms Key Equations Conceptual Problems Section Problems Chapter Problems Multiconcept Problems 13 Chemical Kinetics 13.1 Reaction Rates 13.2 Rate Laws and Reaction Order 13.3 Method of Initial Rates: Experimental Determination of a Rate Law 13.4 Integrated rate Law: Zeroth-Order Reactions 13.5 Integrated Rate law: First-Order Reactions 13.6 Integrated Rate Law: Second-Order Reactions 13.7 Reaction Rates and Temperature: The Arrhenius Equation 13.8 Using the Arrhenius Equation 13.9 Reaction Mechanisms 13.10 Rate Laws for Elementary Reactions 13.11 Rate Laws for Overall Reactions 13.12 Catalysis 13.13 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysts 13.14 Enzyme Catalysis INQUIRY What causes the ozone hole? Study Guide Key Terms Key Equations Conceptual Problems Section Problems Chapter Problems Multiconcept Problems 14 Chemical Equilibrium 14.1 The Equilibrium State 14.2 The Equilibrium Constant K[Sub(c)] 14.3 The Equilibrium Constant K[Sub(p)] 14.4 Heterogeneous Equilibria 14.5 Using the Equilibrium Constant 14.6 Factors that Alter the Composition of an Equilibrium Mixture: Le Châtelier’s Principle 14.7 Altering an Equilibrium Mixture: Changes in Concentration 14.8 Altering an Equilibrium Mixture: Changes in Pressure and Volume 14.9 Altering an Equilibrium Mixture: Changes in Temperature 14.10 The Link between Chemical Equilibrium and Chemical Kinetics INQUIRY How does equilibrium affect oxygen transport in the bloodstream? Study Guide Key Terms Key Equations Conceptual Problems Section Problems Chapter Problems Multiconcept Problems 15 Aqueous Equilibria: Acids and Bases 15.1 Acid–Base Concepts: The Brønsted–Lowry Theory 15.2 Acid Strength and Base Strength 15.3 Factors That Affect Acid Strength 15.4 Dissociation of Water 15.5 The pH Scale 15.6 Measuring pH 15.7 The pH in Solutions of Strong Acids and Strong Bases 15.8 Equilibria in Solutions of Weak Acids 15.9 Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations in Solutions of Weak Acids 15.10 Percent Dissociation in Solutions of Weak Acids 15.11 Polyprotic Acids 15.12 Equilibria in Solutions of Weak Bases 15.13 Relation between K[Sub(a)] and K[Sub(b)] 15.14 Acid–Base Properties of Salts 15.15 Lewis Acids and Bases INQUIRY What is acid rain and what are its effects? Study Guide Key Terms Key Equations Conceptual Problems Section Problems Chapter Problems Multiconcept Problems 16 Applications of Aqueous Equilibria 16.1 Neutralization Reactions 16.2 The Common-Ion Effect 16.3 Buffer Solutions 16.4 The Henderson–Hasselbalch Equation 16.5 pH Titration Curves 16.6 Strong Acid–Strong Base Titrations 16.7 Weak Acid–Strong Base Titrations 16.8 Weak Base–Strong Acid Titrations 16.9 Polyprotic Acid–Strong Base Titrations 16.10 Solubility Equilibria for Ionic Compounds 16.11 Measuring K[Sub(sp)] and Calculating Solubility from K[Sub(sp)] 16.12 Factors That Affect Solubility 16.13 Precipitation of Ionic Compounds 16.14 Separation of Ions by Selective Precipitation 16.15 Qualitative Analysis INQUIRY What is causing a decrease in the pH of the oceans? Study Guide Key Terms Key Equations Conceptual Problems Section Problems Chapter Problems Multiconcept Problems 17 Thermodynamics: Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium 17.1 Spontaneous Processes 17.2 Enthalpy, Entropy, and Spontaneous Processes: A Brief Review 17.3 Entropy and Probability 17.4 Entropy and Temperature 17.5 Standard Molar Entropies and Standard Entropies of Reaction 17.6 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 17.7 Free Energy and the Spontaneity of Chemical Reactions 17.8 Standard Free-Energy Changes for Reactions 17.9 Standard Free Energies of Formation 17.10 Free-Energy Changes for Reactions under Nonstandard-State Conditions 17.11 Free Energy and Chemical Equilibrium INQUIRY Does entropy prevent the evolution of biological complexity? Study Guide Key Terms Key Equations Conceptual Problems Section Problems Chapter Problems Multiconcept Problems 18 Electrochemistry 18.1 Balancing Redox Reactions by the Half-Reaction Method 18.2 Galvanic Cells 18.3 Shorthand Notation for Galvanic Cells 18.4 Cell Potentials and Free-Energy Changes for Cell Reactions 18.5 Standard Reduction Potentials 18.6 Using Standard Reduction Potentials 18.7 Cell Potentials under Nonstandard-State Conditions: The Nernst Equation 18.8 Electrochemical Determination of pH 18.9 Standard Cell Potentials and Equilibrium Constants 18.10 Batteries 18.11 Corrosion 18.12 Electrolysis and Electrolytic Cells 18.13 Commercial Applications of Electrolysis 18.14 Quantitative Aspects of Electrolysis INQUIRY How do hydrogen fuel cells work? Study Guide Key Terms Key Equations Conceptual Problems Section Problems Chapter Problems Multiconcept Problems 19 Nuclear Chemistry 19.1 Nuclear Reactions and Their Characteristics 19.2 Radioactivity 19.3 Nuclear Stability 19.4 Radioactive Decay Rates 19.5 Energy Changes during Nuclear Reactions 19.6 Nuclear Fission and Fusion 19.7 Nuclear Transmutation 19.8 Detecting and Measuring Radioactivity 19.9 Some Applications of Nuclear Chemistry INQUIRY Are there any naturally occurring nuclear reactors? Study Guide Key Terms Key Equations Conceptual Problems Section Problems Chapter Problems Multiconcept Problems 20 Transition Elements and Coordination Chemistry 20.1 Electron Configurations 20.2 Properties of Transition Elements 20.3 Oxidation States of Transition Elements 20.4 Chemistry of Selected Transition Elements 20.5 Coordination Compounds 20.6 Ligands 20.7 Naming Coordination Compounds 20.8 Isomers 20.9 Enantiomers and Molecular Handedness 20.10 Color of Transition Metal Complexes 20.11 Bonding in Complexes: Valence Bond Theory 20.12 Crystal Field Theory INQUIRY How does cisplatin kill cancer cells? Study Guide Key Terms Key Equations Conceptual Problems Section Problems Chapter Problems Multiconcept Problems 21 Metals and Solid-State Materials 21.1 Sources of the Metallic Elements 21.2 Metallurgy 21.3 Iron and Steel 21.4 Bonding in Metals 21.5 Semiconductors 21.6 Semiconductor Applications 21.7 Superconductors 21.8 Ceramics 21.9 Composites INQUIRY What are quantum dots and what controls their color? Study Guide Key Terms Conceptual Problems Section Problems Chapter Problems Multiconcept Problems 22 The Main-Group Elements 22.1 A Review of General Properties and Periodic Trends 22.2 Distinctive Properties of the Second-Row Elements 22.3 Group 1A: Hydrogen 22.4 Group 1A: Alkali Metals 22.5 Group 2A: Alkaline-Earth Metals 22.6 Group 3A: Elements 22.7 Group 4A: Carbon 22.8 Group 4A: Silicon 22.9 Group 5A: Nitrogen 22.10 Group 5A: Phosphorus 22.11 Group 6A: Oxygen 22.12 Group 6A: Sulfur 22.13 Group 7A: The Halogens 22.14 Group 8A: Noble Gases INQUIRY What are the barriers to a hydrogen economy? Study Guide Key Terms Conceptual Problems Section Problems Chapter Problems Multiconcept Problems 23 Organic and Biological Chemistry 23.1 Organic Molecules and Their Structures: Alkanes 23.2 Families of Organic Compounds: Functional Groups 23.3 Naming Organic Compounds 23.4 Carbohydrates: A Biological Example of Isomers 23.5 Valence Bond Theory and Orbital Overlap Pictures 23.6 Lipids: A Biological Example of Cis–Trans Isomerism 23.7 Formal Charge and Resonance in Organic Compounds 23.8 Conjugated Systems 23.9 Proteins: A Biological Example of Conjugation 23.10 Aromatic Compounds and Molecular Orbital Theory 23.11 Nucleic Acids: A Biological Example of Aromaticity INQUIRY Which is better, natural or synthetic? Study Guide Key Terms Conceptual Problems Section Problems Chapter Problems Multiconcept Problems Appendix A: Mathematical Operations A.1 Scientific Notation A.2 Logarithms A.3 Straight-Line Graphs and Linear Equations A.4 Quadratic Equations Appendix B: Thermodynamic Properties at 25 °C Appendix C: Equilibrium Constants at 25 °C Appendix D: Standard Reduction Potentials at 25 °C Appendix E: Properties of Water Answers to Selected Problems Glossary A B C D E F G H H J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Photo/Text Credits