Computer Networks: An Open Source Approach

Description

Ying-Dar Lin, Ren-Hung Hwang, and Fred Baker s "Computer Networks: An Open Source Approach" is the first text to implement an open source approach, discussing the network layers, their applications, and the implementation issues. The book features 56 open-source code examples to narrow the gap between domain knowledge and hands-on skills. Students learn by doing and are aided by the book's extensive pedagogy. Lin/Hwang/Baker is designed for the first course in computer networks for computer science undergraduates or first year graduate students." Tittle Contents 1 Fundamentals 1.1 Requirements for Computer Networking 1.1.1 Connectivity: Node, Link, Path Historical Evolution: Link Standards Historical Evolution: ATM Faded 1.1.2 Scalability: Number of Nodes 1.1.3 Resource Sharing Principle in Action: Datacom vs. Telecom 1.2 Underlying Principles 1.2.1 Performance Measures Principle in Action: Little’s Result 1.2.2 Operations at Control Plane 1.2. Operations at Data Plane 1.2.4 Interoperability 1.3 The Internet Architecture 1.3.1 Solutions to Connectivity Principle in Action: Constantly Challenged Statelessness 1.3.2 Solutions to Scalability 1.3.3 Solutions to Resource Sharing 1.3.4 Control-Plane and Data-Plane Operations Principle in Action: Flavors of the Internet Architecture 1.4 Open Source Implementations 1.4.1 Open vs. Closed 1.4.2 Software Architecture in Linux Systems 1.4.3 Linux Kernel 1.4.4 Clients and Daemon Servers 1.4.5 Interface Drivers 1.4.6 Device Controllers 1.5 Book Roadmap: A Packet’s Life 1.5.1 Packet Data Structure: sk_buff 1.5.2 A Packet’s Life in a Web Server 1.5.3 A Packet’s Life in a Gateway Performance Matters: From Socket to Driver within a Server Performance Matters: From Input Port to Output Port within a Router Principle in Action: A Packet’s Life in the Internet 1.6 Summary Common Pitfalls Further Readings Frequently Asked Questions Exercises 2 Physical Layer 2.1 General Issues 2.1.1 Data and Signal: Analog or Digital Principle in Action: Nyquist Theorem vs. Shannon Theorem 2.1.2 Transmission and Reception Flows 2.1.3 Transmission: Line Coding and Digital Modulation 2.1.4 Transmission Impairments Historical Evolution: Software Defi ned Radio 2.2 Medium 2.2.1 Wired Medium 2.2.2 Wireless Medium 2.3 Information Coding and Baseband Transmission 2.3.1 Source and Channel Coding 2.3.2 Line Coding Open Source Implementation 2.1: 8B/10B Encoder 2.4 Digital Modulation and Multiplexing 2.4.1 Passband Modulation 2.4.2 Multiplexing 2.5 Advanced Topics 2.5.1 Spread Spectrum 2.5.2 Single-Carrier vs. Multiple-Carrier 2.5.3 Multiple Inputs, Multiple Outputs (MIMO) Open Source Implementation 2.2: IEEE 802.11a Transmitter with OFDM Historical Evolution: Cellular Standards Historical Evolution: LTE-Advanced vs. IEEE 802.16m 2.6 Summary Common Pitfalls Further Readings Frequently Asked Questions Exercises 3 Link Layer 3.1 General Issues 3.1.1 Framing 3.1.2 Addressing 3.1.3 Error Control and Reliability Principle in Action: CRC or Checksum? Principle in Action: Error Correction Code Open Source Implementation 3.1: Checksum Open Source Implementation 3.2: Hardware CRC-32 3.1.4 Flow Control 3.1.5 Medium Access Control 3.1.6 Bridging 3.1.7 Link-Layer Packet Flows Open Source Implementation 3.3: Link-Layer Packet Flows in Call Graphs 3.2 Point-to-Point Protocol 3.2.1 High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) 3.3 Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) 3.3.1 Ethernet Evolution: A Big Picture Historical Evolution: Competitors to Ethernet 3.3.2 The Ethernet MAC Open Source Implementation 3.5: CSMA/CD Historical Evolution: Power-Line Networking: HomePlug 3.3.3 Selected Topics in Ethernet Historical Evolution: Backbone Networking: SONET/SDH and MPLS Historical Evolution: First-Mile Networking: xDSL and Cable Modem 3.4 Wireless Links 3.4.1 IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN Principle in Action: Why Not CSMA/CD in WLAN? Open Source Implementation 3.6: IEEE 802. MAC Simulation with NS-2 3.4.2 Bluetooth Technology 3.4.3 WiMAX Technology Historical Evolution: Comparing Bluetooth and IEEE 802.11 Historical Evolution: Comparing 3G, LTE, and WiMAX 3.5 Bridging 3.5.1 Self-Learning Historical Evolution: Cut-Through vs. Store-and- Forward Open Source Implementation 3.7: Self- Learning Bridging 3.5.2 Spanning Tree Protocol Open Source Implementation 3.8: Spanning Tree 3.5.3 Virtual LAN Principle in Action: VLAN vs. Subnet 3.6 Device Drivers of a Network Interface 3.6.1 Concepts of Device Drivers 3.6.2 Communicating with Hardware in a Linux Device Driver Open Source Implementation 3.9: Probing I/O Ports, Interrupt Handling, and DMA Open Source Implementation 3.10: The Network Device Driver in Linux Performance Matters: Interrupt and DMA Handling within a Driver Historical Evolution: Standard Interfaces for Drivers 3.7 Summary Common Pitfalls Further Readings Frequently Asked Questions Exercises 3.2.2 Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) 3.2.3 Internet Protocol Control Protocol (IPCP) Open Source Implementation 3.4: PPP Drivers 3.2.4 PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE) 4 Internet Protocol Layer 4.1 General Issues 4.1.1 Connectivity Issues 4.1.2 Scalability Issues Principle in Action: Bridging vs. Routing 4.1.3 Resource Sharing Issues 4.1.4 Overview of IP-Layer Protocols and Packet Flows Open Source Implementation 4.1: IP-Layer Packet Flows in Call Graphs Performance Matters: Latency within the IP Layer 4.2 Data-Plane Protocols: Internet Protocol 4.2.1 Internet Protocol Version 4 Open Source Implementation 4.2: IPv4 Packet Forwarding Performance Matters: Lookup Time at Routing Cache and Table Open Source Implementation 4.3: IPv Checksum in Assembly Open Source Implementation 4.4: IPv Fragmentation 4.2.2 Network Address Translation (NAT) Principle in Action: Different Types of NAT Principle in Action: Messy ALG in NAT Open Source Implementation 4.5: NAT Performance Matters: CPU Time of NAT Execution and Others 4.3 Internet Protocol Version 6 Historical Evolution: NAT vs. IPv6 4.3.1 IPv6 Header Format 4.3.2 IPv6 Extension Header 4.3.3 Fragmentation in IPv6 4.3.4 IPv6 Address Notation 4.3.5 IPv6 Address Space Assignment 4.3.6 Autoconfi guration 4.3.7 Transition from IPv4 to IPv6 4.4 Control-Plane Protocols: Address Management 4.4.1 Address Resolution Protocol Open Source Implementation 4.6: ARP 4.4.2 Dynamic Host Confi guration Open Source Implementation 4.7: DHCP 4.5 Control Plane Protocols: Error Reporting 4.5.1 ICMP Protocol Open Source Implementation 4.8: ICMP 4.6 Control Plane Protocols: Routing 4.6.1 Routing Principles Principle in Action: Optimal Routing 4.6.2 Intra-Domain Routing Open Source Implementation 4.9: RIP 4.6.3 Inter-Domain Routing Open Source Implementation 4.10: OSPF Performance Matters: Computation Overhead of Routing Daemons Open Source Implementation 4.11: BGP 4.7 Multicast Routing 4.7.1 Shifting Complexity to Routers 4.7.2 Group Membership Management 4.7.3 Multicast Routing Protocols Principle in Action: When the Steiner Tree Differs from the Least-Cost-Path Tree 4.7.4 Inter-Domain Multicast Principle in Action: IP Multicast or Application Multicast? Open Source Implementation 4.12: Mrouted 4.8 Summary Common Pitfalls Further Readings Frequently Asked Questions Exercises 5 Transport Layer 5.1 General Issues 5.1.1 Node-to-Node vs. End-to-End 5.1.2 Error Control and Reliability 5.1.3 Rate Control: Flow Control and Congestion Control 5.1.4 Standard Programming Interfaces 5.1.5 Transport-Layer Packet Flows Open Source Implementation 5.1: Transport- Layer Packet Flows in Call Graphs 5.2 Unreliable Connectionless Transfer: UDP 5.2.1 Header Format 5.2.2 Error Control: Per-Segment Checksum Open Source Implementation 5.2: UDP and TCP Checksum 5.2.3 Carrying Unicast/Multicast Real-Time Traffi c 5.3 Reliable Connection-Oriented Transfer: TCP 5.3.1 Connection Management 5.3.2 Reliability of Data Transfers 5.3.3 TCP Flow Control Open Source Implementation 5.3: TCP Sliding- Window Flow Control 5.3.4 TCP Congestion Control Historical Evolution: Statistics of TCP Versions Open Source Implementation 5.4: TCP Slow Start and Congestion Avoidance Principle in Action: TCP Congestion Control Behaviors 5.4 Socket Programming Interfaces 5.4.1 Socket 5.4.2 Binding Applications through UDP and TCP Principle in Action: SYN Flooding and Cookies Open Source Implementation 5.7: Socket Read/ Write Inside Out Performance Matters: Interrupt and Memory Copy at Socket 5.4.3 Bypassing UDP and TCP Open Source Implementation 5.8: Bypassing the Transport Layer Open Source Implementation 5.9: Making Myself Promiscuous Open Source Implementation 5.10: Linux Socket Filter 5.5 Transport Protocols for Real-Time Traffi c 5.5.1 Real-Time Requirements Principle in Action: Streaming: TCP or UDP? 5.5.2 Standard Data-Plane Protocol: RTP 5.5.3 Standard Control-Plane Protocol: RTCP Historical Evolution: RTP Implementation Resources 5.6 Summary Common Pitfalls Further Readings Frequently Asked Questions Exercises 5.3.5 TCP Header Format 5.3.6 TCP Timer Management Open Source Implementation 5.5: TCP Retransmission Timer Open Source Implementation 5.6: TCP Persist Timer and Keepalive Timer 5.3.7 TCP Performance Problems and Enhancements Historical Evolution: Multiple-Packet-Loss Recovery in NewReno, SACK, FACK, and Vegas Principle in Action: TCP for the Networks with Large Bandwidth-Delay Product 6 Application Layer Historical Evolution: Mobile Applications 6.1 General Issues 6.1.1 How Ports Work 6.1.2 How Servers Start 6.1.3 Classifi cation of Servers Historical Evolution: Cloud Computing 6.1.4 Characteristics of Application Layer Protocols 6.2 Domain Name System (DNS) 6.2.1 Introduction 6.2.2 Domain Name Space 6.2.3 Resource Records 6.2.4 Name Resolution Historical Evolution: Root DNS Servers Worldwide Open Source Implementation 6.1: BIND 6.3 Electronic Mail (E-Mail) 6.3.1 Introduction 6.3.2 Internet Message Standards 6.3.3 Internet Mail Protocols Historical Evolution: Web-Based Mail vs. Desktop Mail Open Source Implementation 6.2: qmail 6.4 World Wide Web (WWW) 6.4.1 Introduction 6.4.2 Web Naming and Addressing 6.4.3 HTML and XML 6.4.4 HTTP Principle in Action: Non-WWW Traffi c Over Port 80 or HTTP Historical Evolution: Google Applications 6.4.5 Web Caching and Proxying Open Source Implementation 6.3: Apache Performance Matters: Throughput and Latency of a Web Server 6.5 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) 6.5. Introduction 6.5.2 The Two-Connection Operation Model: Out-of-Band Signaling Historical Evolution: Why Out-of-Band Signaling in FTP? 6.5.3 FTP Protocol Messages Open Source Implementation 6.4: wu-ftpd 6.6 Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) 6.6.1 Introduction 6.6.2 Architectural Framework 6.6.3 Management Information Base (MIB) 6.6.4 Basic Operations in SNMP Open Source Implementation 6.5: Net-SNMP 6.7 Voice over IP (VoIP) 6.7.1 Introduction Historical Evolution: Proprietary VoIP Services—Skype and MSN 6.7.2 H.323 6.7.3 Session Initialization Protocol (SIP) Historical Evolution: H.323 vs. SIP Open Source Implementation 6.6: Asterisk 6.8 Streaming 6.8.1 Introduction 6.8.2 Compression Algorithms 6.8.3 Streaming Protocols Historical Evolution: Streaming with Real Player, Media Player, QuickTime, and YouTube 6.8.4 QoS and Synchronization Mechanisms Open Source Implementation 6.7: Darwin Streaming Server 6.9 Peer-to-Peer Applications (P2P) 6.9.1 Introduction Historical Evolution: Popular P2P Applications Historical Evolution: Web 2.0 Social Networking: Facebook, Plurk, and Twitter 6.9.2 P2P Architectures 6.9.3 Performance Issues of P2P Applications 6.9.4 Case Study: BitTorrent Open Source Implementation 6.8: BitTorrent 6.10 Summary Common Pitfalls Further Readings Frequently Asked Questions Exercises 7 Internet QoS Historical Evolution: The QoS Hype around 2000s 7.1 General Issues 7.1.1 Signaling Protocol 7.1.2 QoS Routing 7.1.3 Admission Control 7.1.4 Packet Classifi cation 7.1.5 Policing 7.1.6 Scheduling Open Source Implementation 7.1: Traffi c Control Elements in Linux 7.2 QoS Architectures 7.2.1 Integrated Services (IntServ) 7.2.2 Differentiated Services (DiffServ) Principle in Action: Why Both DiffServ and IntServ Failed Principle in Action: QoS in Wireless Links 7.3 Algorithms for QoS Components 7.3.1 Admission Control Open Source Implementation 7.2: Traffi c Estimator 7.3.2 Flow Identifi cation Open Source Implementation 7.3: Flow Identifi cation 7.3.3 Token Bucket Open Source Implementation 7.4: Token Bucket 7.3.4 Packet Scheduling Open Source Implementation 7.5: Packet Scheduling 7.3.5 Packet Discarding Open Source Implementation 7.6: Random Early Detection (RED) Principle in Action: QoS Components in Daily Usage Today 7.4 Summary Common Pitfalls Further Readings Frequently Asked Questions Exercises 8 Network Security 8.1 General Issues 8.1.1 Data Security 8.1.2 Access Security 8.1.3 System Security 8.2 Data Security 8.2.1 Principles of Cryptography Open Source Implementation 8.1: Hardware 3DES Principle in Action: Secure Wireless Channels 8.2.2 Digital Signature and Message Authentication Open Source Implementation 8.2: MD5 8.2.3 Link Layer Tunneling 8.2.4 IP Security (IPSec) Open Source Implementation 8.3: AH and ESP in IPSec 8.2.5 Transport Layer Security Historical Evolution: HTTP Secure (HTTPS) and Secure Shell (SSH) 8.2.6 Comparison on VPNs 8.3 Access Security 8.3.1 Introduction 8.3.2 Network/Transport Layer Firewall Open Source Implementation 8.4: Netfi lter and iptables 8.3.3 Application Layer Firewall Open Source Implementation 8.5: FireWall Toolkit (FWTK) Principle in Action: Wireless Access Control 8.4 System Security 8.4.1 Information Gathering 8.4.2 Vulnerability Exploiting 8.4.3 Malicious Code Open Source Implementation 8.6: ClamAV 8.4.4 Typical Defenses Principle in Action: Bottleneck in IDS Principle in Action: Wireless Intrusions Open Source Implementation 8.7: Snort Open Source Implementation 8.8: SpamAssassin Performance Matters: Comparing Intrusion Detection, Antivirus, Anti-Spam, Content Filtering, and P2P Classifi cation 8.5 Summary Common Pitfalls Further Readings Frequently Asked Questions Exercises Appendices A Who’s Who A.1 IETF: Defi ning RFCs A.1.1 IETF History Historical Evolution: Who’s Who in IETF A.1.2 The RFC Process A.1.3 The RFC Statistics A.2 Open Source Communities A.2.1 Beginning and Rules of the Game A.2.2 Open Source Resources A.2.3 Websites for Open Source A.2.4 Events and People A.3 Research and Other Standards Communities A.4 History Further Readings B Linux Kernel Overview B.1 Kernel Source Tree B.2 Source Code for Networking B.3 Tools for Source Code Tracing Example: Trace of Reassembly of IPv Fragments Further Readings C Development Tools C.1 Programming C.1.1 Text Editor – vim and gedit C.1.2 Compiler – gcc C.1.3 Auto-Compile – make C.2 Debugging C.2.1 Debugger – gdb C.2.2 GUI Debugger – ddd C.2.3 Kernel Debugger – kgdb C.3 Maintaining C.3.1 Source Code Browser – cscope C.3.2 Version Control – Git C.4 Profi ling C.4.1 Profi ler – gprof C.4.2 Kernel Profi ler – kernprof C.5 Embedding C.5.1 Tiny Utilities – busybox C.5.2 Embedding Development – uClibc and buildroot Further Readings D Network Utilities D.1 Name-Addressing D.1.1 Internet’s Who-Is-Who – host D.1.2 LAN’s Who-Is-Who – arp D.1.3 Who Am I – ifconfig D.2 Perimeter-Probing D.2.1 Ping for Living – ping D.2.2 Find the Way – tracepath D.3 Traffi c-Monitoring D.3.1 Dump Raw Data – tcpdump D.3.2 GUI Sniffer – Wireshark D.3.3 Collect Network Statistics – netstat D.4 Benchmarking D.4.1 Host-to-Host Throughput – ttcp D.5 Simulation and Emulation D.5.1 Simulate the Network – ns D.5.2 Emulate the Network – NIST Net D.6 Hacking D.6.1 Exploit Scanning – Nessus Further Readings Index