Risky Decision Making in Psychological Disorders

Description

Risky Decision Making in Psychological Disorders provides readers with a detailed examination of how risky decision making is affected by a wide array of individual psychological disorders. The book starts by providing important background information on the construct of risky decision making, the assessment of risky decision making, and the neuroscience behind such decision making. The Iowa Gambling Task, Balloon Analogue Risk Task, and other behavioral measures are covered, as are topics such as test reliability and the pros and cons of utilizing tasks that have strong practice effects. The book then moves into how risky decision making is affected by specific psychological disorders, such as addictive behaviors, anxiety disorders, mood disorders, schizophrenia, sleep disorders, eating disorders, and more. Cover Risky Decision Making in Psychological Disorders Copyright Contents Acknowledgments I: The assessment of risky decision making 1 An introduction to risky decision making Decision making, risk, and uncertainty Risky decision making Dual-process models The somatic marker hypothesis and the neuroscience of risk Risk-taking behavior Introduction to the remaining chapters 2 Measurement methods Risky decision making measures Adult Decision making Competence Angling risk task Balloon analogue risk task Blackjack task Bomb risk elicitation task Cambridge (Rogers) gambling task Card-guessing task Chicken game Choice dilemmas questionnaire Columbia card task Cups task Delay and probability discounting tasks Devils task/knife switches Dynamic experiments for estimating preferences (DEEP) Framing spinner task Game of dice task Iowa gambling task Mirror drawing risk-taking task Multioutcome risky decision task Nonsymbolic economic decision making task Probabilistic gambling task Reyna and ellis risk task Risk propensity task Risky gains task Sequential investment task Stoplight game Two-outcome risky decision task Wheel of fortune task Risk propensity and risk attitude measures Cognitive appraisal of risky events Decision styles scale Dohmen scale Domain-specific risk-taking scale Evaluation of risk scale Everyday risk inventory General decision making style General risk propensity scale Passive risk-taking scale Risk propensity scale Risk-taking propensity Stimulating-instrumental risk inventory Demographic factors in test performance Age Sex Modeling decision making on behavioral tasks 3 Reliability and validity Reliability Test–retest Parallel or multiple forms Intermethod Internal consistency Split-half reliability Reliability conclusion Validity Validity conclusion Factors affecting reliability and validity Conclusion 4 Neuroscience and associations with other executive functions Executive functions: theories and constructs Assessing executive functions Impairments in executive functions Is decision making an executive function? Correlations between measures of decision making and executive functions Neuroscience of decision making What neuroimaging teaches us about decision making processes Conclusion II: Risky decision making across psychological disorders Preface to section II: Organization of the remaining chapters 5 Anxiety: state-dependent stress, generalized anxiety, social anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, and obsessive–compul... The current literature: generalized anxiety Risk-taking behavior Delay discounting and risky decision making The current literature: social anxiety Risk-taking behavior Delay discounting and risky decision making The current literature: posttraumatic stress disorder Risk-taking behavior Delay discounting and risky decision making The current literature: obsessive–compulsive disorder Risk-taking behavior Delay discounting and risky decision making The current literature: trait anxiety and other nondiagnosable types of anxiety The current literature: state-dependent stress Performance on other executive function tasks Neuroimaging Generalized anxiety disorder Social anxiety Posttraumatic stress disorder Obsessive–compulsive disorder Acute stress Potential mechanisms State-dependent fluctuations in anxiety Overall executive dysfunction Cautiousness and indecisiveness Effects of impulsivity versus behavioral inhibition Alterations in neural processing of rewards and learning from feedback Conclusion and future directions Participant-related factors 6 Disruptions of mood: positive and negative affect, depressive disorders, and bipolar disorders The current literature: risk-taking behaviors Depressive symptoms and disorders Mania, hypomania, and the bipolar disorders The influence of suicidal ideation and behaviors The current literature: risky decision making Depressive symptoms and disorders Mania, hypomania, and the bipolar disorders The influence of suicidal ideation and behaviors Conclusion The current literature: delay discounting, and reward responsiveness Depressive symptoms and disorders Mania, hypomania, and the bipolar disorders The influence of suicidal ideation and behaviors Performance on other executive function tasks Neuroimaging Potential mechanisms State-dependent mood Overall executive dysfunction Alterations in neural processing of rewards and learning from feedback Behavioral activation system hyperactivity in bipolar disorder Participant-related factors Conclusion and future directions 7 Disordered eating behaviors: anorexia, bulimia, binge eating, and obesity The current literature: risk-taking behaviors The current literature: risky decision making Anorexia nervosa Bulimia nervosa Obesity Binge-eating disorder Disordered eating behaviors Comparisons between eating disorder diagnostic groups The current literature: delay discounting and reward responsiveness Performance on other executive function tasks Neuroimaging Potential mechanisms Overall executive dysfunction Comorbidity Alterations in neural processing of rewards and learning from feedback Impulsivity Conclusion and future directions 8 Sleep deprivation and sleep-related disorders The current literature: risk-taking behaviors Conclusion The current literature: risky decision making Iowa Gambling Task Balloon Analogue Risk Task Other tasks Summary The current literature: delay discounting and reward responsiveness Performance on other executive function tasks Neuroimaging Potential mechanisms Overall executive dysfunction Alterations in neural processing of rewards and learning from feedback Conclusion and future directions Participant-related factors 9 Impulsivity and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder The current literature: risk-taking behaviors The current literature: risky decision making Balloon Analogue Risk Task Cambridge Gamble Task Game of Dice Task Iowa Gambling Task Other risky decision making tasks Summary The current literature: delay discounting and reward responsiveness Delay discounting Reward responsiveness What factors could be affecting risky decision making in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? The influence of medication Comorbid diagnoses Impulsivity as a personality characteristic Demographic factors The influence of retrospective self-report, effort, and potential malingering Performance on other executive function tasks Performance on other tasks when decision making was impaired Performance on other tasks when decision making was not impaired Neuroimaging Potential mechanisms Overall executive dysfunction Alterations in neural processing of rewards and learning from feedback Conclusions and future directions Type of decision making task and comparison to other executive tasks Participant-related factors 10 Addictive behaviors: gambling and substances of abuse Pathological gambling Delay discounting Risky decision making Neuroimaging Relationship with other executive functions Theories Impulsivity Difficulties with learning from reward or loss and perception of risks Urge to gamble and craving behaviors Gambling problem severity and type State and participant variables Comorbid diagnoses Treatment implications Other behavioral addictions Alcohol use disorder Risky decision making Delay discounting and reward responsiveness Neuroimaging Nicotine or tobacco use disorder Risky decision making Delay discounting and reward responsiveness Neuroimaging Cannabis use disorder Risky decision making Delay discounting and reward responsiveness Neuroimaging Opioid-related disorders Risky decision making Delay discounting and reward responsiveness Neuroimaging Stimulant use disorders Risky decision making Delay discounting and reward responsiveness Neuroimaging Ecstasy or MDMA use Theories of risky decision making across substances of dependence Impaired executive functions Altered processing of risks and rewards and difficulties learning from feedback Impulsivity Substance use expectancies, satiation, and cue-induced craving Comorbidities and polysubstance use Treatment implications Conclusions 11 Schizophrenia and delusional disorders The current literature: risk-taking behaviors The current literature: risky decision making Balloon Analogue Risk Task Game of Dice Task Iowa Gambling Task Other risky decision making tasks Summary The current literature: delay discounting and reward responsiveness What factors could be affecting risky decision making in schizophrenia spectrum disorders? The influence of medication Current symptoms Other diagnostic considerations Control group Performance on other executive function tasks Neuroimaging Potential mechanisms Deficit in learning from feedback Deficit in assessing the magnitude of rewards/losses and reward responsiveness Deficit in rewards guiding learning Deficit in planning for the future Conclusions and future directions Delusion proneness and levels of schizophrenia spectrum disorder symptoms A focus on the development of normative data 12 Conclusions and future directions Etiologies of risky decision making across disorders Impaired executive functions Type/System I versus Type/System II decision making Reward pathway activation or deficiency Focus on immediate versus long-term outcomes “State” versus “trait” factors Impaired feedback processing Current issues affecting understanding of risky decision making in psychological disorders Characteristics of the patient participants Characteristics of the control participants Characteristics of the risky decision making tasks The influence of comorbidities The influence of treatment Treatment implications Future directions for the field Assessment of ecological validity and task reliability Development of parallel versions of tasks Examination of multiple measures in the same study Which came first: risky decision making or the psychological disorder Cognitive modeling techniques References Index Back Cover