The Golden Horde in World History
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Foreword (Rafael Khakimov, Marie Favereau) ............................................................................. 3 Introduction (Vadim Trepavlov) .................................................................................................... 7 Chapter I. Central Asia and Eastern Europe in the 12th–Beginning of the 13th Centuries ...... 13 § 1. Nomadic Empires of Central Asia (Nikolay Kradin) ............................................................ 13 § 2. Khwarezm, the Eastern Kipchaks and Volga Bulgaria in the Late 12–early 13th Centuries (Dmitry Timokhin, Vladimir Tishin) ..................................................................................... 25 § 3. The Nomads of Eastern Europe in the Early 13th Century (Vladimir Ivanov) ..................... 40 § 4. The Kingdom of Hungary and the Cumans Shortly before the Western Campaign of the Mongols (Roman Hautala) ......................................................................................... 49 § 5. The Mongol Empire and Its Role in World History (Nikolay Kradin) ................................. 57 Chapter II. The Formation of the Ulus of Jochi ........................................................................ 70 § 1. Jochi—The First Ruler of the Ulus (Ilnur Mirgaleyev) ........................................................ 70 § 2. The Conquest of Khwarezm by Mongol Troops (1219–1221) (Dmitry Timokhin) ................................................................................................................ 75 § 3. The Conquest of Russian Lands in 1237–1240 (Alexander Majorov) .................................. 86 § 4. The Campaign of Conquest of Central Europe: Military Force and Secret Diplomacy (Alexander Majorov) .............................................. 110 § 5. The Formation of the Ulus of Jochi (Vadim Trepavlov) ..................................................... 134 Chapter III. The Politics of the Ulus of Jochi .......................................................................... 144 § 1. The Administrative Structure. Administrative Organisation (Vadim Trepavlov) ............... 144 § 2. Territorial Organisation of the Ulus of Jochi (Territory to the West of the Don) (Boris Cherkas) ............................................................ 153 § 3. The Law of the Golden Horde. Taxation. Court Etiquette and the Protocol (Roman Pochekaev) ........................................................ 175 § 4. Interrelations of Rus’ with the Jochid Ulus (Charles J. Halperin) ..................................... 193 § 5. Left Wing of the Ulus of Jochi in the 13–the Beginning of the 15th Centuries (Kanat Uskenbay) ............................................................................................................... 203 § 6. Languages Used in the Records Keeping and Paperwork Culture of the Golden Horde (Lenar Abzalov) ........................................... 212 Chapter IV. The Golden Age of the Ulus of Jochi .................................................................. 220 § 1. First Rulers of the Ulus of Jochi (Roman Pochekaev) ........................................................ 220 § 2. The Golden Age of the Ulus of Jochi: The Rule of Öz Beg and Jani Beg (Roman Pochekaev) ............................................................................................................ 239 § 3. Military Science in the Golden Horde (Emil Seydaliyev) ................................................... 259 Chapter V. The Population of the Ulus of Jochi and the Development of the Medieval Tatar Ethnos ...................................................................... 282 § 1. The Ethnonym ‘Tatar’ at Different Stages of Eurasian History (Rafael Khakimov) ........... 282 § 2. Interconfessional Population of the Ulus of Jochi .............................................................. 304 Russians (Yuri Seleznyov) ................................................................................................... 304 Peoples of the Volga-Ural Region (Vladimir Ivanov) ......................................................... 310 Armenians (Alexander Osipyan) ......................................................................................... 316 § 3. Catholic Missionaries in the Golden Horde (Roman Hautala) ........................................... 323 966 Chapter VI. The Golden Horde and Its Neighbours .............................................................. 329 § 1. The Golden Horde and the Mamluks (Marie Favereau) .................................................... 329 § 2. The Golden Horde and Anatolia (Ilnur Mirgaleyev) .......................................................... 347 § 3. The Golden Horde and the Yuan Dynasty (Zhào Zhū Chén) .............................................. 352 § 4. Between Steppe Khanates: Relations Between the Chagataids and the Golden Horde (1260–1370) (Michal Biran) ........................................................... 356 § 5. Relations with the Ilkhans (Ilnur Mirgaleyev) .................................................................... 360 § 6. The Confrontation Between the Ulus of Jochi and the Catholic Europe from the Mid-13th to the Mid-14th Сenturies (Roman Hautala) ........................................ 364 § 7. The Golden Horde and the Balkans (13–14th Сenturies) (Aleksandar Uzelac) .................. 376 § 8. The Domination of the Golden Horde in the Romanian Regions (Victor Spinei) ............... 394 Chapter VII. The Civilisation of the Golden Horde ............................................................... 427 § 1. The Golden Horde as a Сivilisation (Based on Archaeological Materials) (Mark Kramarovsky) ............................................... 427 § 2. Environmental and Economic Criteria of Civilisation in the Golden Horde (Eduard Kulpin-Gubaydullin) ........................................ 448 § 3. The Islamic Culture of the Golden Horde (Elmira Sayfetdinova) ....................................... 458 § 4. Architecture and Art in the Golden Horde (Emma Zilivinskaya) ........................................ 465 § 5. The Language of Written Records from the Golden Horde Period (Fanuza Nurieva) ....... 503 § 6. Literature of the Ulus of Jochi and the Post–Golden Horde Tatar Khanates (Khatip Minnegulov) .................................................................................. 515 § 7. Formation of the Historiographic Tradition (Elmira Sayfetdinova) .................................... 524 § 8. Multilingualism and Cultural Interactions in the Golden Horde (István Vásáry) ............... 528 Chapter VIII. Economy, Crafts, and Trade ............................................................................ 540 § 1. The Nomadic Population of the Ulus of Jochi (Vladimir Ivanov) ...................................... 540 § 2. Agriculture, Cattle Breeding, Crafts, and Trade (Leonard Nedashkovsky) ......................... 550 § 3. Tatars and Merchants on the Black Sea Border in the 13th and 14th Centuries: When Interests and Conflicts Align (Nicola Di Cosmo) ..................................................... 578 § 4. The Genoese and the Golden Horde (Michel Balard) ......................................................... 595 § 5. International and Domestic Trade (Leonard Nedashkovsky) .............................................. 605 § 6. Jochid Money and Monetary Policy in the 13–15th Centuries (Pavel Petrov) ................... 614 § 7. Cities of the Golden Horde (Emma Zilivinskaya, Dmitry Vasilyev) ................................... 630 Chapter IX. Natural, Social and Economic Crises .................................................................. 661 § 1. Climate Change in Central Eurasia and the Golden Horde (Uli Schamiloglu) ........................................................................... 661 § 2. The Impact of the Black Death on the Golden Horde: Politics, Economy, Society, Civilisation (Uli Schamiloglu) .............................................................................. 674 Chapter X. The Break Up of the Ulus of Jochi ........................................................................ 689 § 1. The Time of Troubles in the 1360s and 1370s (Ilnur Mirgaleyev) .................................... 689 § 2. Attempts to Restore the Golden Horde at the End of the 14—Beginning of the 15th Century (Ilnur Mirgaleyev) .............................................................................. 693 § 3. Struggle for Power in the First Half of the 15th Century (Roman Reva) ............................ 699 § 4. Factors and Peculiarities Contributing to the Disintegration of the Ulus of Jochi (Vadim Trepavlov) .............................................................................................................. 724 Chapter XI. The Later Golden Horde Time ............................................................................ 730 § 1. The Jochid Ulus in the 15–16th Centuries: the Inertia of Unity (Vadim Trepavlov) .......... 730 § 2. The Great Horde (Vadim Trepavlov) .................................................................................. 737 967 § 3. The Astrakhan Yurt (Ilya Zaitsev) ...................................................................................... 747 § 4. Ulug Ulus (the Crimean Khanate) (Vladislav Gulevich) .................................................... 756 § 5. Vilayate Kazan (The Kazan Khanate) (Anvar Aksanov) ..................................................... 772 § 6. 'The Meshchera Yurt' (Kasimov Khanate) (Bulat Rakhimzyanov) ..................................... 783 § 7. Tyumen and the Siberian Yurts (Denis Maslyuzhenko) ...................................................... 793 § 8. Tatar Political Structures in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: the 'T'ma' (Tumen) of Jahołdaj (Ilya Zaitsev) ..................................................................... 803 § 9. Tatars in the Balkans (Tahsin Gemil) ................................................................................. 806 § 10. Tatars in the Muscovite State (Andrey Belyakov) ............................................................... 811 § 11. The Manghit Yurt (the Nogai Horde) (Vadim Trepavlov) .................................................. 828 § 12. The Domains of the Shibanids in Central Asia (Denis Maslyuzhenko) .............................. 838 § 13. The Kazakh Khanate (Alexander Nesterov) ........................................................................ 848 Chapter ХII. The Political Development of the Tatar States in the 15–18th Сenturies ....... 851 § 1. The Legal Culture of the Tatar States in the 15–18th Centuries: the Heritage of the Golden Horde and Islamic Institutes (Roman Pochekaev) ................... 851 § 2. Tatar-Russian Relations in the 15th Century (Anton Gorsky) ............................................. 858 § 3. Tatar-Russian Relations in the 16–18th Centuries (Ilya Zaitsev) ........................................ 863 § 4. Tatar Yurts and the Ottoman Empire (Ilya Zaitsev) ............................................................ 871 § 5. Relations Between Tatar States and the Polish-Lithuanian State (Dariusz Kołodziejczyk) ...................................................................................................... 893 § 6. The Heritage of Chinggis Khan's State on European Maps of the 15–18th Сenturies (Igor Fomenko) ................................................................................................................... 902 Conclusion. The Golden Horde and Tatar Yurts in World History (Vadim Trepavlov) ......................................................................................... 919 Name Index .................................................................................................................................. 923 Geographical Index ...................................................................................................................... 944 Information about the Authors ..................................................................................................... 962
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