Bacterial Community Structure of Activated Sludge Processes

Description

This book highlights the importance of molecular genomics and molecular biology techniques used to sort out the problems faced by industrialists who operate wastewater treatment plants with the ever-increasing number of environmental pollutants, through an approach of microbial community analysis. Current knowledge of the microbial communities within biological wastewater treatment reactors is incomplete due to limitations of traditional culture-based techniques and despite the emergence of recently applied physico-chemical and biological techniques. This book will give a complete overview about an advanced molecular technology for microbial community analysis of a wastewater treatment reactor to understand and gain proper knowledge, which may help to ultimately sort out the issue of environmental pollutants. It will give an insight about an application of various molecular tools to investigate microbial community composition or structure in activated sludge processes. Contents Preface Chapter 1 Proteomics: A Novel Tool for Studying Environmental Microbial Communities Abstract Abbreviations 1. Introduction 2. Microbial Culture Proteomic Studies Techniques 3. Proteomics of the Microbial Species in Different Ecosystems 3.1. Metaproteomics in Marine and Freshwater 3.2. The Metaproteomics of Soil 3.3. Wastewater and Metaproteomics of Activated Sludge 3.4. Acid Mines Drainage (AMD) Bio-Film Metaproteomics 4. Proteomics Software Status and New Developments 5. Dedicated Tools for Metaproteomics 6. Present Issues and Perspectives for the Future Conclusion References Chapter 2 Developments in Environmental Microbiology and Biodegradation/Biotransformation of Persistent Pollutants in Activated Sludge Population: A Case Study on Renewability of Activated Sludge Exposed to a New Generation Nanoparticular Photocatalyst Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Microorganism Communities in Activated Sludge 2.1. Eubacteria 2.2. Archaea 2.3. Fungi 2.4. Protozoa and Metazoan 3. Activated Sludge Bacterial Community Structures and Growth Mechanism 3.1. Main Mechanism of Metabolism and Energy Conversion 3.1.1. Substrate Conversion and Transformation Pathways 3.1.1.1. Substrate Level Phosphorylation 3.1.1.2. Oxidative Phosphorylation Based on Electron Conduction 3.2. Cycles Involved in Biological Transformations 3.2.1. EMB Cycle 3.2.2. Three Carboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycles and Intermediate Compounds 3.2.3. HMP Cycle 3.2.4. Calvin Cycle 3.3. Storage of Energy and Endogenous Respiration 3.4. Aerobic Degradation Mechanism in Treatment Systems 3.4.1. Nitrogen Degradation Mechanism in Aerobic Treatment Systems 3.5. Anaerobic Degradation Mechanism in Treatment Systems 3.5.1. Hydrolysis 3.5.2. Acid Production 3.5.3. Methane Production 3.6. Anaerobic Degradation Mechanism in Treatment Systems Pathways of Anaerobic Microorganisms to Gain Energy 3.6.1. Acid Production Pathway 3.6.2. Methane Gas Production Way 3.7. Nitrogen Degradation Mechanism in Anaerobic Treatment Systems 3.7.1. Phosphorus Degradation Mechanism in Anaerobic Treatment Systems 4. Sludge Bacterial Community Structures from Different Wastewaters 4.1. Municipal Wastewater 4.2. Textile Industry Wastewater 4.3. Pharmaceutical Industry Wastewater 5. Conventional and Emerging New Detection Technics of Microbial Culture in Activated Sludge 5.1. DGGE 5.2. RT-PCR 5.3. FISH 5.4. Next Generation Sequencing 6. Contaminants in Wastewaters 6.1. Organic Contaminants in Wastewaters 6.2. Inorganic Contaminants in Wastewaters 6.3. Persistent Pollutants in Wastewaters 7. Case Study 7.1. Materials and Methods 7.2. Results and Discussion 7.2.1. DNA Isolation and Next Generation Sequencing Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 3 Soil Microbial Community Responses to Climate Change Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Environment and Soil Microbes 2.1. Biotic Factors 2.2. Abiotic Factors 3. Climate Change and Microbial Community 4. Impact of Climate Change on Soil Microbes 4.1. Effects of Elevated CO2 Levels 4.2. Effects of Temperature 4.3. Effects of Drought 5. Anthropogenic Activity and Microbial Community 6. Microbial Responses to Climate Change 6.1. Elevated CO2 6.2. Warming 6.3. Drought 7. Microbial Community Response Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 4 Metagenomics: A Powerful Lens for Viewing the Microbial World Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Evolution of Metagenomics for Microbial Community Analysis 3. The Metagenomic Workflow 4. Genome Sequencing Methods for Metagenomics 5. Metagenomic Next Generation Sequencing Technology 6. Quality Control (QC) Techniques 7. Genome Assembly and Reconstruction Techniques 8. Metaprofiling or Amplicon Analysis 9. Shotgun Metagenomics 10. Metagenomic Data Analysis 11. Comparative Metagenomics 12. Computational Biology Approach in Metagenomics Study Conclusion References Chapter 5 Discovering Unexplored Microbial Communities and Decoding DNA Sequences through Metagenomics Study Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Metagenomics 2.1. Shotgun Metagenomics 2.1.1. Different Steps of Shotgun Metagenomic Sequencing 2.1.1.1. Assembling Communities 2.1.1.2. Binning Strategies 2.1.1.3. Genomic Annotation 3. Next-Generation Sequencing Method (NGS) 3.1. Role of PCR in Next Generation Gene Sequencing (Illumina) 3.2. Next-Generation Sequencing Including PCR Amplification (Illumina) 3.3. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 3.3.1. Application of PCR 4. Discovery of Novel Enzymes with Metagenomic Approach 5. Microbial Bioremediation by Metagenomic Approach 5.1. Approaches to Identify Wastes Degrading Biocatalysts 5.1.1. Metagenomics Based Sequencing 5.1.2. Activity-Based Metagenomics 5.1.2.1. Phenotype-Based Screening 5.1.2.2. Metabolite-Regulated Expression Profiling (METREX) 5.1.2.3. Substrate Induced Gene Expression for Profiling (SIGEX) 6. Prospects of Metagenomics Conclusion References Chapter 6 Insights into the Diversity of Microbial Communities and Their Role in Pollutant Degradation in Various Activated Sludge Systems Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Microbial Community in ASPs 2.1. Ecology of Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria (AOB) 2.2. Ecology of Ammonia Oxidizing Archaea (AOA) 2.3. Ecology of Nitrite Oxidizing Bacteria (NOB) 2.4. Ecology of Anaerobic Ammonia Oxidation (ANAMMOX) 2.5. Ecology of Denitrifiers 2.6. Ecology of Phosphate Accumulating Organisms (PAO) and Glycogen Accumulating Microorganisms (GAO) 2.7. Ecology of Other AS Microbes 3. Factors That Influence the Growth of ASP Microbes 3.1. Impact of Type and Concentration of Substrates 3.2. Impact of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) 3.3. Impact of pH 3.4. Impact of Temperature 3.5. Impact of Sludge Retention Time (SRT) 3.6. Impact of Hydraulic Retention (HRT) 4. Reactor Technologies for Biological Nutrient Removal in ASP 4.1. Biological Nitrogen Removal Treatment Process 4.1.1. Simultaneous Nitrification and Denitrification (SND) Process 4.1.2. Partial Nitrification via Nitrite Process 4.1.3. Simultaneous Partial Nitrification, ANAMMOX and Denitrification Systems (SNAD) Process 4.1.4. Nitritation/Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation (ANAMMOX) Process 4.1.5. Denitrifying Ammonium Oxidation (DEAMOX) Process 4.2. Reactor Technologies for Biological Phosphorus Removal in Activated Sludge Process 4.2.1. Anaerobic/Aerobic (Phoredox) Process 4.2.2. Anaerobic/Aerobic/Anoxic (AOA) Process 4.2.3. Anaerobic/Anoxic/Aerobic (A2O) Process 4.2.4. Bardenpho (5-stage) Process 5. Biodegradation of Emerging Contaminants Removal in Activated Sludge Process 6. Correlation and Interaction between ASP Microbes 7. Future Researches: Challenges and Opportunities Conclusion References About the Editor Index Blank Page Blank Page