The European Union’s Energy Security and Turkey’s Role in the Southern Gas Corridor: Interdependence on the Natural Gas Pipeline between Turkey and EU

Description

This study analyses the issue of energy security and natural gas in the Southern Gas Corridor, and its effects on the relationship between the European Union (EU) and Turkey. The increasing consumption of natural gas in the world as an energy source has rendered it a greater strategic importance in the world. Additionally, the conflict between Ukraine, Belarus and Russia over natural gas has threatened both the short and long-term security of the EU’s gas supply. Consequently this conflict has created the necessity to find alternative routes in order to meet Europe’s increasing gas demand. In this context, Turkey’s and the EU’s dependency on Russian natural gas has increased in the last decades, causing both Turkey and the EU to search for outside energy sources. Turkey plays a key role as part of the strategic Southern Gas Corridor initiative, which is a proposed gas pipeline in corporation with the Trans Anatolia Natural Gas Pipeline (TANAP ) project, proposed to run from the Caspian region through Turkey to Europe. This study argues that the energy dependency among the countries not only affects the economic decisions, but also the political decisions. Cover Table of Contents Abstract Zusammenfassung Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations List of Figures 1. Introduction 1.1 Purpose of the Book 1.2 Literature Review and Argumentation 1.3 The Structure and Methodology 2. Theoretical Framework: Interdependence Theory 2.1 Energy Security and Interdependence 2.2 Emergence of Interdependence Theory 2.3 Central Concept; Introduction to Theory 2.4 Types of Interdependence 2.4.1 Vulnerability and Sensitivity 2.4.2 Direct and Indirect Interdependence 2.4.3. The Impacts of International Policy 2.4.4. Actors 2.4.4.1 Reducing Importance of Military Power 2.4.4.2 Economic Power 2.4.4.3 In Terms of Security Vulnerability and Sensitivity 2.5. Complex Interdependence 2.6 Compatibility with Realism and Complex Interdependence 3. Energy Interdependence as a Challenge 3.1 Pipeline Transit State on View of Vulnerability 3.2 Role of the Actors in Gas Policy 3.3 Diversification of Natural Gas Supply for the EU and Turkey 3.4 Cooperating for Energy Security Between the EU and Turkey: An Interdependence Approach 3.5 Contributing Energy Cooperation of Turkey to EU Membership Summary 4. Global Growing Energy Demand 4.1 Increasing Importance of Gas 4.2 The Fossil Energy Resources used in the World and their Consumption 4.3 The Fluctuations in Energy Policy After 9/11 4.4 Rise of Natural Gas Use in the Electric Power Sector around the World 4.5 Scenario of World Natural Gas 4.6 Competition between Actors on Energy Issues 5. EU Debates on Reducing Gas Dependency and EU-Russia Relations 5.1 Development of European Energy Policy 5.1.1 After the Oil Crisis 5.1.2 European Union Energy Policies Between 1986 and 1995 5.1.3 Energy Framework Programme 5.1.4 White Paper: An Energy Policy for Europe 5.2 The Green Paper (The New Energy Policy of the EU) 5.2.1 The Green Paper: A European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply 5.2.2 Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy for European Strategy (2006) 5.3 Europe Energy Charter and Europe Energy Charter Treaty 5.4. Security Risks and EU Policies on European Energy Supply 5.5 The EU’s External Dependence and Energy Consumption 5.5.1. The EU and the Security of Natural Gas Supply 5.5.2. The Effects of the Gas Crises on European Energy Security 5.6 Energy Targets and Prospects for the EU in 2020 Summary 5.7. Analysis of the Cooperation between the EU and Russia on Energy Policy 5.7.1 Russian Gas Pipelines and Projects to Europe 5.7.2 South Stream 5.7.3 Nord Stream Pipeline 5.7.4 Gazprom within the State Summary 5.8 Alternative Policy Options for Reducing Gas Dependency 5.8.1 Promoting Use of EU Renewable Energy Sources 5.8.2 Improving Energy Efficiency 5.8.3 Nuclear Energy Use and Debate 5.8.4 Single Energy Market and Liberalisation of the Gas Market in the European Union 6. Turkey’s Energy Dependency and Role in the Southern Gas Corridor 6.1 Rising natural gas use in Turkey 6.2 Turkey’s Dependency on Russia with Blue Stream Natural Gas Pipeline 6.3 Transmission of Gas Policy in Turkey 6.4 Turkey-EU Coherence after Negotiations in the Field of Gas Policy 6.5 Trans-European Energy Networks (TEN-E) 6.6 Aims of Turkey’s Gas Policy by 2023 6.7 Turkey’s Energy Chapter in EU Membership 6.7.1. Renewable Energy Resources in Turkey 6.7.2. Nuclear Energy Studies 6.7.3. Energy Efficiency Studies 6.7.4 Climate Change Policy and Position of Turkey in the Kyoto Protocol 6.7.5 Challenges of Turkey’s Energy Policy and EU Accession Process 6.8 International Pipeline Projects as Energy Hub of Turkey 6.8.1. Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan (BTC) 6.8.2. The Samsun–Ceyhan Pipeline 6.8.3. Iraq–Turkey Crude Oil Pipeline (Kirkuk–Yumurtalik) 6.9 Important Export States 6.9.1 Iran 6.9.2 Turkmenistan 6.9.3 Iraq 6.10 Southern Gas Corridor 6.10.1 Azerbaijani-Turkish Project Trans-Anatolian Pipeline 6.10.2 Competing Existing Pipelines around Turkey’s Border 6.10.2.1 Short Version of Nabucco 6.10.2.2 Trans Adriatic Pipeline 6.10.2.3 South East Europe Pipeline 6.10.3 Baku–Tbilisi–Erzurum 6.10.4 South Europe Gas Ring Interconnector Turkey–Greece–Italy Pipeline 6.10.5 Azerbaijani-Turkish Natural Gas Pipeline Project (Shah Sea I and II) 7. Energy as a Factor in the Relationship between Turkey and the EU 7.1 Turkey’s Geostrategical Factor 7.2 Rising Importance of Turkey in European Energy Security 7.3 Interest and Cost of Cooperation on the Southern Gas Corridor 7.4 Changes to Turkey’s Position 8. Conclusion 9. References Annex: Interviews