Forensic Toxicology (Advanced Forensic Science Series)

Description

Forensic Toxicology, the latest release in the Advanced Forensic Science Series that grew out of recommendations from the 2009 NAS Report, Strengthening Forensic Science: A Path Forward will serve as a graduate level text for those studying and teaching forensic toxicology. It is also an excellent reference for the forensic practitioner’s library or for use in their casework. Coverage includes a wide variety of methods used, along with pharmacology and drugs and professional issues they may encounter. Edited by a world-renowned, leading forensic expert, this updated edition is a long overdue solution for the forensic science community. Title page Table of Contents Published and forthcoming titles in the Advanced Forensic Science Series Copyright Senior Editor: Biography List of Contributors Foreword Preface Section 1. Introduction Introduction Principles of Forensic Science What Is Forensic Science? The Trace as the Basic Unit of Forensic Science Two Native Principles Nonnative Principles See also Forensic Classification of Evidence Introduction Methods of Classification Class Level Information Uniqueness and Individualization Relationships and Context See also Interpretation/The Comparative Method Introduction Analogy and Comparison within a Forensic Process The Comparative Method within Forensic Science See also Toxicology: History Glossary Introduction Important Historical Milestones Evolution of Drugs and Poisons Recent Developments in Analytical Methods Alternative Matrices Drug-Facilitated Crime Drugs and Driving Famous Poisoning Cases See also Toxicology: Overview and Applications Introduction Applications of Forensic Toxicology Initial Tests and Confirmation Common Drugs and Poisons Scope of Testing Protocols Specimens General Techniques Quality Assurance and Validation Estimation of Dose Interpretation of Toxicological Results Court Testimony See also Key Terms Review Questions Discussion Questions Section 2. Methods Introduction Capillary Electrophoresis: Basic Principles Glossary Introduction Fundamentals of Capillary Electrophoresis Background Electrolytes Modes of Separation in Electrophoresis Instrumentation and Sample Handling Future Directions See also Capillary Electrophoresis in Forensic Chemistry Introduction Applications See also Chromatography: Basic Principles Glossary Introduction Classification of Chromatographic Techniques Chromatographic Distribution Equilibria Band Broadening in Chromatography Additional Comments on Band Broadening Optimization of Chromatographic Performance See also Liquid and Thin-Layer Chromatography Introduction Column (or Liquid–Solid) Chromatography HPLC and Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography Thin-Layer Chromatography See also Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Introduction Ionization Techniques Sample Preparation and Injection Techniques Matrix Effects Overview of State-of-the-Art LC–MS Instrumentation Application of LC–MS to Forensic Sciences See also Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Glossary Introduction Multiplied Powers Different Ways of Looking at Data Requirements Instrumentation Forensic Applications See also Nonchromatographic Separation Techniques Glossary Introduction Physical Separations Volatile Materials Chemical Separations See also Spectroscopic Techniques Glossary Introduction Identification of Substances Quantification of Substances Related Techniques See also Spectroscopy: Basic Principles Introduction Electromagnetic Radiation and Light Matter Interaction Between Radiation and Matter Instrumentation and Techniques See also Key Terms Review Questions Discussion Questions Section 3. Pharmacology and Drugs Introduction Analysis of Controlled Substances Introduction Analytical Strategy Physical Examination Presumptive Tests Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Chromatography Thin-Layer Chromatography High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Gas Chromatography Quantitative Chromatographic Analysis Mass Spectrometry Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry Conclusions See also Classification Introduction Natural Drugs Semisynthetic Drugs Synthetic Drugs See also Designer Drugs Introduction Designer Drugs of Various Structural Types Forensic Relevance Conclusions See also Pharmacology and Mechanism of Action of Drugs Introduction Affinity, Efficacy, and Potency Antagonism and Potentiation Signal Transduction Tolerance and Dependence Conclusions See also Volatile Substances and Inhalants Diagnosis of VSA See also Alcohol Congeners and the Source of Ethanol Introduction Congener Content of Beverages Methods Disposition Hip Flask Defense See also Herbal Psychoactive Substances Introduction Traditional Drugs of Abuse of Herbal Origin Emerging and Popular Herbal Drugs of Abuse Analytical Methods Summary and Conclusion See also Herbal Medicines and Phytopharmaceuticals—Contaminations Introduction Common Forms of Contamination/Adulterants Analytical Strategy See also Key Terms Review Questions Discussion Questions Section 4. Matrices Introduction Blood Introduction Types of Blood Specimens Drug Monographs See also Urine and Other Body Fluids Introduction Absorption Distribution Elimination Analysis of Urine and Other Body Fluids for Alcohol Urine Saliva/Oral Fluid Vitreous Humor Cerebrospinal Fluid Synovial Fluid Bile Liver and Other Tissues Sequestered Hematomas Stomach Contents Putrefactive Blisters Sweat Tears See also Blood Introduction Blood Collection Analysis See also Breath Alcohol Glossary Introduction Historical Aspects Alcohol in the Blood and Breath Analytical Methods Types of Breath Alcohol Testing Instruments Forensic Issues Conclusion See also Metabolites of Ethanol Introduction EtG EtS EtP FAEEs PEth Summary and Conclusion See also Oral Fluid Introduction What Is Oral Fluid? Collection of Oral Fluid Factors Affecting Drug Presence in Oral Fluids Applications of Oral Fluid Drug Testing Analytical Testing Methods See also Drugs in Hair Introduction Biology of Hair Hair Analysis Applications Conclusion See also Postmortem Blood Introduction Sample Collection and Chain of Custody Toxicology Testing Postmortem Changes in Drug Concentration See also Urine Introduction Urine Specimen Characteristics and Specimen Integrity Application of Immunoassays to Urine Drug Testing Application of GC-MS in Urine Drug Testing Correlation of Immunoassay and GC-MS Test Results Issues in the Interpretation of Urine Drug Testing Results See also Postmortem Specimens Introduction Blood, Serum, and Plasma Urine Vitreous Humor Bile The Liver The Brain Lungs The Kidney Skeletal Muscle Other Tissues and Fluids Special Considerations See also Behavioral Toxicology What Is Behavioral Toxicity? Mechanisms of Action Alcohol Stimulants (Amphetamines and Cocaine) Anabolic Steroids Hallucinogens Benzodiazepines Cannabis Psychoses Tolerance and Withdrawal See also Stomach Contents Analysis Procedures for the Examination of Gastric Contents and Vomit Stains Microscopic Examinations Gastric Enzyme Screening Test Case Studies See also Key Terms Review Questions Discussion Questions Section 5. Interpretation Introduction Measurement Uncertainty Glossary Measurement Measurement to Meaning Measurement Uncertainty Meaning Requires Uncertainty See also Postmortem Toxicology: Artifacts Introduction The Prefinal Phase The Corpse The Sample The Compound The Analytical Assay Conclusions See also Interpretation of Results Glossary Introduction Forensic Urine Drug Testing Human Performance Toxicology Postmortem Toxicology See also Methods of Analysis—Initial Testing Glossary Introduction Sample Selection Immunoassays Sample Extraction Screening by Liquid Chromatography See also Methods of Analysis—Confirmatory Testing Glossary Principles of Confirmatory Testing Certified Reference Standards MS in Confirmatory Testing Internal Standardization Minimum Required Identification Criteria Minimum Required Quantification Criteria See also Chemometrics Introduction Preprocessing Techniques Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering Principal Component Analysis Discriminant Analysis Conclusions See also Interpretation Introduction A Framework for Inference Current Practices and Possible Improvements See also Key Terms Review Questions Discussion Questions Section 6. Professional Issues Introduction Crime Scene to Court Introduction Task Models Forensic Strategies Integrated Case Management Summary See also Forensic Laboratory Reports Contents of a Report: A “Science” Standard Contents of a Report: Legal Standards Reports: Stand-Alone Evidence or Support for a Testifying Expert Ethical Considerations and Forensic Reports Conclusion See also Health and Safety Occupational Health and Safety Policy Specific Laboratory Hazards Hazards in the Field See also Postmortem Specimens Introduction Blood, Serum, and Plasma Urine Vitreous Humor Bile The Liver The Brain Lungs The Kidney Skeletal Muscle Other Tissues and Fluids Special Considerations See also Drug-Facilitated Crimes Introduction Definitions Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault Typical Drugs in DFC Alcohol in DFC The Role of the Forensic Medical Examiner/Forensic Nurse in DFC Cases Samples Types in DFC Analytical Issues in DFC Interpretation of Toxicological Results in DFC Conclusion See also Drug-Impaired Driving Introduction Influence of Drugs on Performance Epidemiology and Crash Risk Legislation “Per Se” Legislation Detection of Drugs in Drivers Evidentiary Analysis Conclusion See also Drug Screening in Sport Introduction What Is Doping in Sport? Context of Adjudication of Anti-doping Rule Violations in Sport The List of Prohibited Compounds and Methods to Be Screened Biological Sample Identity and Integrity Specific Procedures in Dedicated Laboratories Practical Analytical Approach The Biological Passport Developments for the Future See also Key Terms Review Questions Discussion Questions Index