The Routledge Research Companion to Security Outsourcing

Description

Conveniently structured into five sections, The Routledge Research Companion to Outsourcing Security offers an overview of the different ways in which states have come to rely on private contractors to support interventions. Part One puts into context the evolution of outsourcing in Western states that are actively involved in expeditionary operations as well as the rise of the commercial security sector in Afghanistan. To explain the various theoretical frameworks that students can use to study security/military outsourcing, Part Two outlines the theories behind security outsourcing. Part Three examines the law and ethics surrounding the outsourcing of security by focusing on how states might monitor contractor behaviour, hold them to account and prosecute them where their behaviour warrants such action. The drivers, politics and consequences of outsourcing foreign policy are covered in Part Four, which is divided into two sections: section one is concerned with armed contractors (providing the provision of private security with the main driver being a capability gap on the part of the military/law enforcement agencies), and section two looks at military contractors (supporting military operations right back to antiquity, less controversial politically and often technologically driven). The final Part takes into consideration emerging perspectives, exploring areas such as gender, feminist methodology, maritime security and the impact of private security on the military profession. This book will be of much interest to students of military and security studies, foreign policy and International Relations. Cover Half Title Endorsement Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents List of Figures and Tables List of Contributors Acknowledgements Introduction A Research Companion to Security Outsourcing Structure of the Book Summary Notes References Part I The Outsourcing Context: The Evolution of Security Outsourcing 1 Supporting the Troops: Military Contracting in the United States Introduction Public Administration’s Red Tape Military Contracting in the Post-Cold War Era Contracting before 9/11 Contracting after 9/11: The Fourth Branch of the Government Conclusion Notes References 2 Outsourcing Military Logistics and Security Services: The Case of the United Kingdom Introduction Definitions Troop Support Service Contractors System Support Service Contractors Security Protection Service Contractors Back to the Future: An Old Game with New Rules The UK’s Outsourcing of Military Logistics and Security Services since the End of the Cold War Conclusion Notes References 3 Dissecting Military and Security Outsourcing in Canada’s Expeditionary Culture: Afghanistan and the Future Preparation: Canada’s Expeditionary Culture Cut One: Relief of Long-term Institutional Stress Cut Two: Rebranding Canada and the CAF through Expeditionary Warfare Cut Three: Political Respite Conclusions and Future Issues Note References 4 Coercion and Capital in Afghanistan: The Rise, Transformation and Fall of the Afghan Commercial Security Sector Introduction Outsourcing Security or Incorporating Militias? Statebuilding vs Organised Crime? State-formation vs Statebuilding? Conclusion: On Political Order and Private Security Notes References 5 A ‘Pacifist’ Approach to Military Contracting: How German History Explains Its Limited Use of Private Security Companies Introduction The Bundeswehr and Civil-Military relations in Germany German Military Outsourcing from the Late 1990s to 2014 Change in the Bundeswehr – Change in Outsourcing? Conclusion Notes References Part II Theorising Security Outsourcing 6 The Evolution of Private Force ‘Legitimate’ Violence Private Military History The State Monopolises Force The Black Market for Force The Return of Private Armies Conclusion Notes References 7 Money for Nothing?: Contractor Support from an Economic Perspective Cost-savings as the Predominant Rationale for Outsourcing Make or Buy? The Existing Evidence on Contracting Cost-effectiveness Beyond the Figures: Economic Arguments against Contractor Support Conclusions References 8 Critical Perspectives on Military Markets The Point of Departure: Asking Critical Questions about Military Markets Two Examples: A Cartographic and a Processual Critical Perspective on the Regulation of Military Markets The Research Agenda: Continuing Interventions, Diffractions, Disruptions Conclusion Note References 9 Outsourcing and Risk: From the Known to the Unknown Introduction The Concept of Risk Commercial Risk Management Risk Identification Risk Assessment Risk Mitigation Conclusion Notes References 10 Merchants of Security: Private Security Companies, Strategy and the Quest for Power Strategic Theory and Military Outsourcing Private Security Companies and Military Service Firms as Strategic Tools Conclusion Notes References Part III The Law, Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility of Outsourcing Security 11 Contractors and the Law of Armed Conflict Introduction: An Emphasis on Targeting and Taxonomy Contractor Status and Its Consequences Combatants, Civilians and Limits to the Protection against Targeting Five Categories of Contractors in International Armed Conflicts a) Contractors as Non-Combatant PoWs: GC III Art. 4A(4) b) Contractors as Non-Combatant PoWs: GC III Art. 4A(5) c) Contractors Who Directly Participate in Hostilities d) Contractor Combat Units Integrated within State Formations e) Other Civilian Contractors Contractor Status in Non-International Armed Conflicts a) Contractors Who Support Governments b) Contractors Who Support Groups Other Than a Government Contractors and Disturbances That Are Neither International Nor Non-International Armed Conflicts Summary Note References 12 Contract Law as Cover: Curtailing the Scope of Private Military and Security Contractor Responsibilities Introduction Freedom of Contract and Its Consequences Doctrine of Privity and Its Limitations Direct Enforcement by Contractual Parties Limitations of. Third Party Enforcement The Horizontality of Contract: Equal and Independent Parties Contract’s Creation and Legitimation Relative Equality of Contractual Parties The Indifference of Contract Law Inadequacy of Contractual Remedies Conclusion: Denial through Contract Law? Note References 13 Socially Responsible Security Providers?: Analysing Norm Internalisation among Private Security Providers Introduction Progression of the CSR Norm in PSCs Socialisation and Internalisation in Three British PSCs Conclusions Note References 14 Regulating Human Rights in the Context of Outsourcing Military Logistics and Armed Security Introduction Regulatory Background to PSC1 Certification Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights The Montreux Document, the International Code of Conduct for Security Providers and PSC1 Montreux Document ICoC PSC1 Conclusion Notes References 15 Democratic States, War and Private Security Companies: The Ethical Puzzles Combat versus Security: A Fading Distinction Conclusion Notes References 16 The Contractor as the New Cosmopolitan Soldier Introduction Security as a Public Good Conventional Conceptualisation of Security The Soldier as the Conventional Security Provider Security as a Global Good Cosmopolitan Conceptualisation of Security The Soldier as a Cosmopolitan Security Provider The Contractor as a Cosmopolitan Security Provider Conclusion Notes References 17 Is It Ethical for States to Prevent Their Citizens from Working as TCN Military and Security Contractors? Introduction Liberalism, State Neutrality and the State’s Monopoly on Force Contracted Combatants and the Moral Limits of State Power Conclusion Notes References Part IV Armed Security Contractors and Military Contractors: Drivers, Politics and Consequences 18 What Is Driving the Outsourcing of Diplomatic Security? The Outsourcing of Diplomatic Security at a Glance Functionalist Explanations of Why Governments Outsource Diplomatic Security Ideational Explanations of Why Diplomatic Security is Outsourced Political-Instrumentalist Explanations on Why Diplomatic Security is Outsourced Organisation Theory and the Outsourcing of Diplomatic Security Conclusions References 19 Reconfiguring Power and Insecurity in the Afghan Context: The Consequences of Outsourcing Security in High-risk Societies Introduction Reconfiguration of Local Power Structures The Evolving Market for Private Security in Afghanistan The Afghan Public Protection Force: From Private to Semi-Public Security Commercial Security and Local Power Transferals Financing the Insecurity Spiral Empowering Local Security Providers at the Cost of a Viable Afghan State No Market for Vetting? Conclusions Notes References 20 Industry and Support to UK Contemporary Military Operations: A Practitioner’s Strategic Military Perspective Introduction The Historical Perspective: Contractors on Operations Is a Recent Trend The Situation Today: A Platform for Further Development of Contracted Military Support Future Operations: What Are the Key Considerations? Policy Implementation Other Considerations Corporate Global Footprint Corporate Austere and High-Threat Experience Industry Readiness Indigenous Capability-Building Conclusion Note References 21 The Politics of Outsourcing Military Support Services Introduction A Conceptual Toolbox to Study the Defence Policy Process Admission to the Policy Network in Historical Context Mapping the Defence Services Acquisition Policy Network A ‘Bias towards Business’ and Selectivity in the Policy Process Outlook and Conclusions Notes References 22 The Consequences of Outsourcing Military Support Functions Introduction The Evolution of the Scale and Scope of Military Support Outsourcing in Recent Years Overarching Context of Privatisation Military Outsourcing in the United States Defining Military Support Outsourcing in Particular Logistics Civil Augmentation Program The Benefits of Outsourcing Military Support Functions The Risks of Outsourcing Military Support Functions Cost Overruns LOGCAP Costs Over Time Diplomatic Risks Conclusion Notes References Part V Emerging Perspectives: Issues of Gender, Military Professionals and Maritime Private Security 23 The Culture of Whiteness in Private Security Introduction Postcolonial Feminist Matters and Private Security The Whiteness of the Security Industry The Martial Other Security Contractor Establishing Whiteness, Establishing Privilege: On-the-Ground Research Practices Normalising Whiteness in Academic Writing Conclusion Notes References 24 The Issue of Gender and Armed Contractors Introduction Gender and the Construction of Masculinities Public/Hegemonic and Private/Subordinate Masculinities and PSCs Conclusion Note References 25 Security Outsourcing and Critical Feminist Inquiry: Taking Stock and Looking Forward Introduction Feminist2 Approaches to Studying Commercial Security Contracting Asking the ‘Woman/Man Question’ Producing Gender Gender as Productive Gender as Produced and Productive Conclusion: Taking Stock and Looking Forward Notes References 26 Private Maritime Security: Assemblage in a Space of Exception? Private Maritime Security From Public to Private: The Disassembly of the State Maritime Security and Spatiality Conclusion Notes References 27 Private Security, Military Professionals and the State Introduction The State, Military Professionals and the Private Security Industry PSC-Military Relations: What Are They and What Do We Know? Discussion Note References Conclusion Index