Police Psychology: New Trends in Forensic Psychological Science

Description

Police Psychology: New Trends in Forensic Psychological Science is a relatively new specialty that can be broadly defined as the application of psychological principles and methods to assist law enforcement. This publication aims to bring together the contributions of some of the most prolific authors in the field to bridge the gap between the knowledge base of researchers, practitioners, and policymakers regarding the interface of psychological sciences and law enforcement. Front Cover Police Psychology Police Psychology New Trends in Forensic Psychological Science Copyright Dedication Contents Notes on editors About the contributors Foreword REFERENCES Introduction Police Psychology and the Impact of Psychological Science on Policing References I - Psychology in police culture and law enforcement agencies 1 - The ethical practice of police psychology Introduction Professional ethics codes and demands on police psychologists Evidence-based policing and ethical practice Soft science, hard science, and relational skills in policing Evidence-based interviewing, procedural fairness, and ethical practice Continuum of ethical compliance in interview practice Alignment of procedural justice theory with ethical principles Interviewing research incorporating procedural justice tenets Archival interview studies of procedural justice “Ticking time bomb” case Quantitative analyses of interviews with high-value detainees Laboratory experiments related to procedural justice Field studies of procedural justice Survey research Interviews with practitioners and detainees A “ticking time bomb” field experiment Conclusions References 2 - The role of the psychologist in the screening and selection of law enforcement applicants Introduction Selecting in applicants Conducting a job analysis Identifying the best way to tap each competency Valid Minimizes legal challenges Cost and time effective Assessments that predict law enforcement performance Cognitive ability Publisher developed tests Nationally developed law enforcement tests Locally developed civil service exams Education Background information Interviews Personality inventories Measures of psychopathology Measures of normal personality Important Statutory requirements in the United States Screening out applicants: postconditional offer psychological evaluations Ethical standards Who is qualified to perform the postconditional offer evaluation? What should the agency provide to the psychologist? What methods should the psychologist use? Review of background information and other data Psychological testing Test instruments Test instruments Clinical Analysis Questionnaire Clinical Analysis Questionnaire Inwald Personality Inventory (IPI and IPI-2) Inwald Personality Inventory (IPI and IPI-2) Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 and RF (MMPI-2 and MMPI-2-RF) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 and RF (MMPI-2 and MMPI-2-RF) Personality Assessment Inventory Personality Assessment Inventory Commercially available test batteries Commercially available test batteries Institute for forensic psychology Institute for forensic psychology Law Enforcement Psychological Services, Inc. (LEPS) Law Enforcement Psychological Services, Inc. (LEPS) Law Enforcement Services, Inc. (LESI) Law Enforcement Services, Inc. (LESI) Matrix-Psychological Uniform Law Enforcement Selection Evaluation (M-PULSE) Matrix-Psychological Uniform Law Enforcement Selection Evaluation (M-PULSE) PSI Services PSI Services Interview Interpretation of the data Report and recommendations Conclusions References 3 - Incorporating psychological skills in police academy training Introduction Cognitive skills Emotional skills Social skills Moral skills Conclusions References 4 - Burnout and the psychological impact of policing: trends and coping strategies Introduction Defining occupational stress: burnout, compassion fatigue, and psychological trauma Burnout Compassion fatigue Psychological trauma Burnout, compassion fatigue, and police: review of current evidence Occupational versus organizational stress Occupational stress and burnout Organizational stress and burnout Work-home conflict Personal characteristics The impact of emotions Dissonance Moral injury Police culture, perceptions, and risks of the job Organizational psychology perspectives on what makes a job less stressful and more sustainable Interventions Interventions that prevent harm Interventions that promote the positive Interventions that manage illness or significant distress Not just what but how: process as well as effect Recommendations for future research Conclusions References 5 - Trauma and critical incident exposure in law enforcement Introduction The nature of police traumatization Extent of traumatization PTSD trajectories in law enforcement Accumulation of trauma Police culture Alternative conceptions of trauma Risk and protective factors Gender Social support Family psychiatric history Prior trauma history Peritraumatic reactions Type of incident Personality factors Coping Organizational factors Job type Other factors Prevention and treatment Conclusions References 6 - From ideation to realization: exploring the problem of police officer suicide Introduction Are police at heightened risk of suicide? Epidemiological research Demographics of police suicide Gender Minority police officers Age and career stage Epidemiological research: summary Factors associated with police suicide Work-related factors Management styles Work patterns Experiences of operational stressors The culture of policing Nonwork-related factor Family problems Alcohol use Reducing the risk of police suicide Conclusions References II - Psychology applied to policing issues 7 - Psychological jurisprudence and the role of police psychology in community psychology Introduction Policing youth: A police psychology review The perceptual cues and interpersonal skills of police officers The attributions, prejudices, and stereotypes/typing by police officers The personality of law enforcement personnel Policing, stress management, and exposure to aggression and violence The psychology of recruiting, selecting, and training police officers Psychological jurisprudence: on theory, method, and practice Psychological jurisprudence: bridging police psychology and community psychology Conclusions References 8 - The role of psychological science in public order policing Introduction Classical perspectives and reactionary policing The social identity approach—a new way of understanding the crowd ESIM and football crowds: policing and self-regulation Euro 2000: High and low-profile policing Application Euro 2004—changing police psychology of the crowd The challenge of change Conclusions References 9 - Improving police procedures for dealing with mental illness Introduction Public perceptions of the police Use of force Police training Memphis model Alternative models Conclusions References 10 - Communication as a weapon for resolving hostage and barricaded situations Introduction “Talk to Me”: A new approach Crisis/hostage negotiation strategies Defusing the crisis step by step Active listening Active listening explained The impact of emotions Rapport and empathy Implementing active listening: the PRIME SOS+acronym From “talk to me” to “text me” Risk assessment in crisis/hostage negotiation Conclusions References 11 - Contributions of psychological science to enhancing law enforcement agencies’ response to intimate partner vio ... Introduction Particularities of police intervention in the context of intimate partner violence Prediction and management of risk for intimate partner violence Risk factors for severe intimate partner violence Risk assessment tools for intimate partner violence Ontario Domestic Assault Risk Assessment Brief Spousal Assault Form for the Evaluation of Risk Portuguese domestic violence risk assessment form Safety planning with intimate partner violence victims Children of intimate partner violence: victims that cannot be forgotten Communication with victims of intimate partner violence Comparing intimate partner violence perceptions: experts, victims, and police officers Expert perceptions Victims and police officers perceptions: convergences and divergences Police officers perceptions: comparison 2012–18 Conclusions References 12 - The contribution of psychological science in police responses of sexual assaults Introduction Misconceptions about sex offenders Suspect prioritization Geographic analyses and sexual crimes Crime linkage analysis: the ViCLAS example Investigative interview Interviewing suspects False confessions False rape allegations Strategies used in sexually related online crimes Conclusions References III - Psychology in criminal investigation 13 - Beyond reasonable doubt: how to think like an expert detective Introduction Lessons from a craft tradition Detectives are simply human Research on detectives' decision-making How should good detectives think? Generic models and supporting tools for investigative judgments and decision-making Conclusions References 14 - Developing a psychological research base for criminal investigations: academics and practitioners working together Introduction A model for “real-world” enquiry Formulation Identifying a problem Researching the background Current interview techniques Spatial versus episodic memory Design Analyze the context Formulate a trial solution to the problem and design the study Conduct the study Analyze the results Reporting, selling, and implementing the results Conclusions References 15 - Threat assessment in law enforcement: advances in the appraisal and management of violence risk by police Introduction Preventing harm: the convergence of risk and threat assessment and management in modern law enforcement Principles of threat assessment and management Methods of threat assessment and management: tradecraft for law enforcement professionals The challenges of threat assessment and management in a law enforcement setting Conclusions References 16 - Investigative interviewing: exploring the contamination timeline of witness memory Introduction On the phone: the call handler interview At the scene: the frontline interview At the police station: the formal interview Conclusions References 17 - Is confession really necessary? The use of effective interviewing techniques to maximize disclosure from suspects Introduction From obtaining a confession to establishing truth The emergence of investigative interviewing in England and Wales Developing an evidence base for the PEACE framework Challenges to interviewers when conducting investigative interviews: rapport building Challenges to interviewers when conducting investigative interviews: disclosing evidence The development of the SUE approach and the concerns with later evidence disclosure Legal representation of suspects in interviews and evidence disclosure Gradual evidence disclosure Development of a taxonomy of interview domains Conclusions Some suggestions for future research directions References 18 - Offender profiling: a review of the research and state of the field Introduction Origins of offender profiling Early days—the case of Jack the Ripper Clinical offender profiling—the FBI's Behavioral Science Unit Evaluations of clinical profiles Statistical offender profiling Investigative psychology Geographic profiling Case linkage analysis Evidence-based offender profiling State of the field of offender profiling Conclusions References Conclusion Police psychology and contemporary challenges in an uncertain world References Afterword Contributions of psychology to policing References Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Back Cover