Mechanotransduction: Cell Signaling to Cell Response

Description

Mechanotransduction: Cell Signaling to Cell Response covers the cell machinery responsible for the process of mechanotransduction and the manner in which cells respond to an external mechanical stimulus. The effect of mechanical stimulus on individual cells and entire tissues is discussed, with an emphasis on the practical results of this physiological process. Mechanotransduction of stem cells and cancerous cells are also covered, along with future directions in this yet nascent field.  This book gives insights on basic processes that occur (or may occur) in the human body as a result of the application of mechanical stimulus. It is ideal for both biomedical engineers and biologists, and is an ideal resource for teaching. It provides a current state of conceptual and practical aspects of the field and will enable students and professionals to venture further into this incipient area which is of fundamental importance to biomedical engineering and biology fields. Front Cover Mechanotransduction Copyright Page Dedication Contents Preface Acknowledgments Foreword 1 Introduction 2 Cell signaling: An overview 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Modes of cell communication 2.3 Phases in cell signaling 2.3.1 Reception 2.3.2 Transduction 2.3.2.1 Some common signaling pathways 2.3.2.1.1 Ligand-gated ion channel signaling pathway 2.3.2.1.2 G protein–coupled receptor signaling pathway 2.3.2.1.3 Inositol triphosphate pathway 2.3.2.1.4 Receptor tyrosine kinase signaling pathway 2.3.2.1.5 Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway 2.3.2.1.6 Intracellular signaling pathways 2.4 Response 2.5 Mechanical signaling in cells 2.5.1 Cell structural elements that are important in mechanical signaling 2.5.2 Mechanosensing or mechanoreception 2.5.3 Signal transmission 2.5.4 Target activation 2.5.5 Gene expression 3 Cell signaling under mechanical stimulus in specific cell types 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Forces acting on cells 3.3 Modes of mechanosensing 3.4 Factors affecting general cell response 3.4.1 Stress state of the cell 3.4.2 Substrate characteristics 3.4.3 Temporal response of cells to applied mechanical stimulus 3.5 Cell mechanotransduction in musculoskeletal tissue 3.5.1 Types of cells in bone tissue 3.5.2 The mechanosensory environment of bone cells 3.5.3 The mechanoreceptors in bone cells 3.5.4 Signaling pathways in bone cells 3.5.5 The response of bone cells to applied mechanical stimulus 3.6 Cell mechanotransduction in cartilage 3.6.1 Mechanical environment of cartilaginous cells 3.6.2 Mechanisms of mechanotransduction in chondrocytes 3.7 Cellular mechanotransduction in pulmonary tissue 3.7.1 Types of cells in lung tissue 3.7.2 Mechanical environment in the lung 3.7.3 Mechanisms of mechanotransduction in the lung 3.8 Cell mechanotransduction is the cardiovascular system 3.8.1 Types of cells in the cardiovascular system 3.8.2 Mechanical environment for cardiovascular cells 3.8.3 Mechanisms of mechanotransduction in cardiovascular cells 3.9 Cell mechanotransduction in nerve tissue 3.9.1 Types of cells in the nervous system 3.9.2 Mechanical environment for nerve cells 3.9.3 Mechanisms of mechanotransduction in the nerve cells 4 Cell characteristics resulting from mechanical stimulus 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Effect of mechanical stimuli on normal cells 4.2.1 Types of mechanical stimuli 4.2.2 Influence of mechanical factors 4.2.3 Effect of substrate characteristics 4.2.4 Effect of scaffold properties 4.2.5 Mechanotransduction at the molecular level 4.2.5.1 Integrin-based mechanism 4.2.5.2 Stretch-activated ion channels 4.2.5.3 G protein–coupled receptor 4.3 Effect of mechanical stimuli on stem cells 4.3.1 Incongruency in cell response 4.3.2 Types of mechanical stimuli 4.3.3 Stem cell response to mechanical stimuli 4.3.3.1 Effect of stress type 4.3.3.2 Effect of stress magnitude 4.3.3.3 Effect of substrate characteristics 4.3.3.4 Effect on extracellular matrix 4.4 Effect of mechanical stimuli on cancer cells 4.5 The role of cell adhesion molecules in mechanosensing 4.6 Cellular proliferation 4.7 Extracellular matrix remodeling 5 Tissue mechanotransduction 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Signal characteristics 5.3 Signal control: Structural and secretory factors 5.3.1 Adherens junctions 5.3.2 Gap junctions 5.3.3 Secretory factors 5.4 Musculoskeletal system 5.4.1 Mechanophysiological environment 5.4.2 Mechanotransduction in musculoskeletal tissue 5.4.2.1 Bone tissue 5.4.2.2 Cartilaginous tissue 5.5 Pulmonary system 5.5.1 Mechanophysiological environment 5.5.2 Mechanotransduction in pulmonary tissue 5.6 Cardiovascular system 5.6.1 Mechanophysiological environment 5.6.2 Mechanotransduction in cardiovascular tissue 5.7 Nervous system 5.7.1 Mechanophysiological environment 5.7.2 Mechanotransduction in nerve tissue 6 Mechanotherapy 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Mechanotransduction and disease 6.3 Mechanotherapy: Molecular scale 6.4 Mechanotherapy: Tissue level 6.5 Emerging trends in mechanotherapy 6.6 Cancer therapy and mechanotransduction 6.7 Other therapeutic effects of mechanical stimulus 7 Future thrusts in the field of mechanotransduction Bibliography Index Back Cover