Antenna and Sensor Technologies in Modern Medical Applications

Description

A guide to the theory and recent development in the medical use of antenna technology Antenna and Sensor Technologies in Modern Medical Applications offers a comprehensive review of the theoretical background, design, and the latest developments in the application of antenna technology. Written by two experts in the field, the book presents the most recent research in the burgeoning field of wireless medical telemetry and sensing that covers both wearable and implantable antenna and sensor technologies. The authors review the integrated devices that include various types of sensors wired within a wearable garment that can be paired with external devices. The text covers important developments in sensor-integrated clothing that are synonymous with athletic apparel with built-in electronics. Information on implantable devices is also covered. The book explores technologies that utilize both inductive coupling and far field propagation. These include minimally invasive microwave ablation antennas, wireless targeted drug delivery, and much more. This important book: Covers recent developments in wireless medical telemetry Reviews the theory and design of in vitro/in vivo testing Explores emerging technologies in 2D and 3D printing of antenna/sensor fabrication Includes a chapter with an annotated list of the most comprehensive and important references in the field Written for students of engineering and antenna and sensor engineers, Antenna and Sensor Technologies in Modern Medical Applications is an essential guide to understanding human body interaction with antennas and sensors. Cover Title Page Copyright Contents List of Contributors Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Ultraflexible Electrotextile Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Radio‐Frequency Coils 2.1 Introduction to MRI and the Basic Antenna Considerations 2.2 Motivations, Challenges, and Strategies for MRI RF Coil Design 2.2.1 Design Motivations and Challenges for MRI RF Coils 2.2.2 Design Strategies and Roadmap of MRI RF Coils 2.3 Selection, Fabrication, and Characterization of Electrotextiles for RF Coils 2.3.1 Selection and Fabrication of Flexible Material Candidate 2.3.2 Characterization of Electrotextiles 2.4 Design of Single‐Element Flexible RF Coil 2.4.1 RF Coil Element Design with a Rigid Material 2.4.2 RF Coil Element Design with Electrotextile Cloth 2.4.3 RF Coil Element Design with Tunable Circuitry 2.5 Design of Flexible RF Coil Array and System Integration with MRI Scanner 2.5.1 RF Coil Array Design and Characterization 2.5.2 RF Coil Array System Integration with MRI Scanner 2.6 Characterization of RF Coil Array 2.6.1 Characterization of RF Coil Array System with Phantom 2.6.2 Characterization of RF Coil Array System with Cadaver 2.7 Conclusion References Chapter 3 Wearable Sensors for Motion Capture 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Promise of Motion Capture 3.2.1 Healthcare 3.2.2 Sports 3.2.3 Human–Machine Interfaces 3.2.4 Animation/Movies 3.2.5 Biomedical Research 3.3 Motion Capture in Contrived Settings 3.3.1 Camera‐Based Motion Capture Laboratory 3.3.2 Electromagnetics‐Based Sensors 3.3.2.1 RADAR Based 3.3.2.2 Wi‐Fi Based 3.3.2.3 RFID Based 3.3.3 Magnetic Motion Capture System 3.3.4 Imaging Methods 3.3.5 Additional Sensors/Tools 3.3.5.1 Goniometers 3.3.5.2 Force Plates 3.4 Wearable Motion Capture (Noncontrived Settings) 3.4.1 Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) 3.4.2 Bending/Deformation Sensors 3.4.2.1 Strain Based 3.4.2.2 Fiber Optics Based 3.4.3 Time‐of‐Flight (TOF) Sensors 3.4.3.1 Acoustic Based 3.4.3.2 Radio Based 3.4.4 Received Signal Strength‐based Sensors 3.4.4.1 Antenna Based 3.4.4.2 Magnetoinductive Sensors/Electrically Small Loop Antennas 3.5 Conclusion References Chapter 4 Antennas and Wireless Power Transfer for Brain‐Implantable Sensors 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Implantable Antennas for Wireless Biomedical Devices 4.3 Wireless Power Transfer Techniques for Implantable Devices 4.3.1 Inductive Power Transfer 4.3.2 Ultrasonic Power Transfer 4.3.3 Near‐Field Capacitive Power Transfer 4.3.4 Far‐Field Power Transfer 4.3.5 Computing the Fundamental Performance Indicators of Near‐Field WPT Systems Using Two‐Port Network Approach 4.4 Human Body Models for Implantable Antenna Development 4.4.1 Comparison of Human Head Phantoms with Different Complexities for Intracranial Implantable Antenna Development 4.5 Wirelessly Powered Intracranial Pressure Sensing System Integrating Near‐ and Far‐Field Antennas 4.5.1 Far‐Field Antenna for Data Transmission 4.5.2 Antenna for Near‐Field Wireless Power Transfer 4.6 Far‐Field RFID Antennas for Intracranial Wireless Communication 4.6.1 Split Ring Resonator‐Based Spatially Distributed Implantable Antenna System 4.6.2 LC‐Tank‐Based Miniature Implantable RFID Antenna 4.6.3 Antenna Prototype and Wireless Measurement 4.7 Conclusion References Chapter 5 In Vitro and In Vivo Testing of Implantable Antennas 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Antenna Materials 5.2.1 Biocompatibility 5.2.2 Miniaturization 5.2.3 Biocompatible Conductors and Thin Films 5.2.4 Ports and Cables 5.3 Bench Top Testing 5.3.1 Ex Vivo Tissues 5.3.2 In Vitro Gels 5.3.2.1 Mixture and Characterization of Skin‐Mimicking Material 5.3.2.2 Mixture and Characterization of Adipose‐Mimicking Material 5.3.2.3 Mixture and Characterization of Muscle‐Mimicking Material 5.4 In Vivo Testing 5.4.1 Different Animal Models for Different Frequency Bands 5.4.2 Dielectric Mismatch 5.4.3 Practical Testing Concerns 5.5 Conclusion Acknowledgment References Chapter 6 Wireless Localization for a Capsule Endoscopy: Techniques and Solutions 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Visual‐based Localization Method 6.1.2 Radio‐frequency Localization 6.1.3 Microwave Imaging 6.1.4 Magnetic Localization 6.2 Static Magnetic Localization 6.2.1 Model of the Target Magnet 6.2.2 Noise Cancellation and Sensor Calibration 6.2.3 Solving the Inverse Problem 6.2.4 Sensors Distribution 6.2.5 Conclusion of the Static Magnetic Localization 6.3 Modulated Magnetic Localization 6.3.1 Static Field Modulation 6.3.2 Inductive‐based Magnetic Localization 6.4 Conclusion References Chapter 7 Study on Channel Characteristics and Performance of Liver‐Implanted Wireless Communications 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Study of In‐Body Communications at Liver Area Using Simplified Multilayer Phantoms 7.2.1 UWB Antenna 7.2.2 Measurement Setup 7.2.3 Simulation Setup 7.2.4 Experimental and Numerical Results 7.2.4.1 S11 and S22 Results 7.2.4.2 S21 Results 7.3 Numerical Study of Liver‐Implanted Channel Characteristics Using Digital Human Models 7.3.1 Simulation Setup 7.3.2 Return Loss Results 7.3.3 S21 Results 7.3.4 Path Loss Results 7.4 The Influence of Antenna Misalignment 7.4.1 Simulation Setup 7.4.2 Study Results and Analysis 7.5 Channel Characteristics for the In‐ to Off‐Body Scenario 7.5.1 Simulation Setup 7.5.2 Return Loss Results 7.5.3 Path Loss Results for the In‐ to Off‐Body Scenario 7.6 System Performance Evaluation 7.6.1 Link Budget Evaluation and Analysis 7.6.1.1 In‐ to On‐Body Scenario 7.6.1.2 In‐ to Off‐Body Scenario 7.7 Electromagnetic Compatibility Evaluations 7.7.1 Analysis 7.7.2 SAR Results 7.8 Conclusions References Chapter 8 High‐Efficiency Multicoil Wireless Power and Data Transfer for Biomedical Implants and Neuroprosthetics 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Multicoil System to Achieve Efficient Power Transfer 8.2.1 Two‐Coil WPT Systems 8.2.2 Conventional Three‐Coil WPT System 8.2.3 Performance of the Two‐ and Three‐Coil Systems as a Function of RX Coil Size 8.2.4 Description of the Proposed Three‐Coil System 8.2.5 Efficient Use of Implanted Wire of the Coil in a Small RX Three‐Coil System 8.2.5.1 Circuit Technique Description 8.2.5.2 Testing the Technique: Comparison 1 8.2.6 Reducing Power Dissipation in the Implanted RX 8.2.6.1 Circuit Technique Description 8.2.6.2 Testing the Technique: Comparison 2 8.2.7 Design Procedure and the Advantages of the Proposed Three‐Coil System Over the Conventional Three‐Coil System Design 8.2.7.1 Design Procedure 8.2.7.2 Tolerance to Load Changes 8.2.7.3 Advantage 2: Reducing Currents in the Secondary Coil 8.2.7.4 K12 and Cm for Optimization of System Performance: Layout Design Advantages 8.2.7.5 Effects of Tissue and Tissue Parameters on the Power Delivery 8.2.8 Experiments: Measurements and Results 8.3 Justifying the Advantages of Using Multicoil WPT Systems for Data Transfer 8.4 Conclusion References Chapter 9 Wireless Drug Delivery Devices 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Active and Passive Drug Delivery Devices 9.3 Capsule‐Mediated Active Drug Delivery Process 9.4 Transdermal and Implantable Devices 9.5 Micro‐ and Nanoscale Devices 9.6 Packaging and Integration of Components 9.7 Materials for Drug Delivery Devices 9.8 Organ‐Specific Drug Delivery Devices 9.9 Wireless Communication for Drug Delivery Devices 9.9.1 Microchips‐Mediated Drug Delivery Devices 9.9.2 Micropumps and Microvalves‐Mediated Drug Delivery Devices 9.9.3 Microrobots‐Mediated Drug Delivery 9.9.4 Material‐Mediated Drug Delivery 9.10 Carrier Types for Drug Delivery References Chapter 10 Minimally Invasive Microwave Ablation Antennas 10.1 Introduction 10.1.1 Overview of Microwave Ablation Therapy 10.1.2 Historical Development and Current Landscape of Research on MWA Antennas 10.1.3 Impact of Frequency on MWA Performance 10.1.4 Focus of this Chapter 10.2 Toward Length Reduction for Ablation Antennas: Demonstration of Higher Frequency Microwave Ablation 10.2.1 Electromagnetic Evaluation of Microwave Ablation Antennas Operating in the 1.9–18‐GHz Range 10.2.2 Performance of Higher Frequency Microwave Ablation in the Presence of Perfusion 10.3 Reduced‐Diameter, Balun‐Equipped Microwave Ablation Antenna Designs 10.3.1 Antennas with Conventional Coaxial Baluns Implemented on Air‐Filled Coax Sections 10.3.2 Coax‐Fed Antenna with a Tapered Slot Balun 10.4 Balun‐Free Microwave Ablation Antenna Designs 10.4.1 High‐Input Impedance Helical Monopole with an Integrated Impedance‐Matching Section 10.4.2 Low‐Input Impedance Helical Dipole Design 10.5 Toward More Flexibility and Customization in Microwave Ablation Treatment 10.5.1 Ex Vivo Performance of a Flexible Microwave Ablation Antenna 10.5.2 Hybrid Slot/Monopole Antenna with Directional Heating Patterns 10.5.3 Non‐Coaxial‐Based Microwave Ablation Antennas with Symmetric and Asymmetric Heating Patterns 10.6 Conclusions References Chapter 11 Inkjet‐/3D‐/4D‐Printed Nanotechnology‐Enabled Radar, Sensing, and RFID Modules for Internet of Things, “Smart Skin,” and “Zero Power” Medical Applications 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Batteryless “Green” Powering Schemes for Perpetual Wearables 11.2.1 Wearable Rectennas Compatible with Legacy Wireless Networks 11.2.2 New Opportunities for Power Harvesting from 5G Cellular Networks 11.2.2.1 28‐GHz Rotman Lens‐Based Energy‐Harvesting System 11.2.2.2 Integration of W‐Band Zero‐Bias Diode for Harvesting Applications 11.3 Additive Manufacturing Technologies for Low‐Cost, Compact, and Wearable System 11.3.1 Wireless System Packaging for On‐Body Devices 11.3.2 Energy‐Autonomous System‐on‐Package Designs 11.4 Energy‐Autonomous Communications for On‐Body Sensing Networks 11.4.1 Energy‐Autonomous Long‐Range Wearable Sensor Networks 11.4.2 Radar and Backscatter Communications 11.4.2.1 FMCW Radar‐Enabled Localizable Millimeter‐Wave RFID 11.4.3 Flexible and Deployable 4D Origami‐Inspired “Smart Walls” for EMI Shielding and Communication Applications 11.5 Low‐Power Sensors for Wearable Wireless Sensing Systems 11.5.1 Carbon‐Nanomaterials‐Based Fully Inkjet‐Printed Gas Sensors 11.5.2 Energy‐Autonomous Micropump System for Wearable and IoT Microfluidic Sensing Devices 11.5.3 Fully Inkjet‐Printed Encodable Flexible Microfluidic Chipless RFID Sensor 11.6 Conclusion References Chapter 12 High‐Density Electronic Integration for Wearable Sensing 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Brief Comparison of Flexible Conductor Technologies 12.3 Review and History of E‐Fiber‐Based RF Technology 12.4 Fabrication of Conductive Flexile E‐Fiber Surfaces and Loss Performance 12.5 Antennas Using Embroidery‐Based Conductive Surfaces 12.5.1 Patch Antenna for Wireless Power Transfer and Harvesting 12.5.2 Body‐Worn Antenna for Wireless Communication 12.6 Circuits and Systems Using Embroidery‐Based Conductive Surfaces 12.6.1 Far‐Field Radio‐Frequency Power Collection System on Clothing 12.6.2 Near‐Zone Power Collection Using Fabric‐Integrated Antennas 12.7 Voltage‐Controlled Oscillator for Wound‐Sensing Applications 12.8 High‐Density Integration 12.8.1 Interconnect Features on Laminate Substrates 12.8.2 Interconnects on Flex Substrates 12.8.3 Device Assembly 12.8.4 3D Packaging 12.8.5 Applications of High‐Density Packaging in RF and Sensing 12.8.6 High‐Density RF Flex Packaging 12.8.7 Hybrid Flex Sensor‐Processing‐Communication Systems References Chapter 13 Coupling‐Independent Sensing Systems with Fully Passive Sensors 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Forced vs. Self‐Oscillating Near‐Field Readout 13.3 Readout Techniques 13.3.1 Forced Oscillation Techniques with Nonresonant Primary 13.3.2 Forced Oscillation Techniques with Resonant Primary 13.3.3 Self‐Oscillating Techniques 13.4 Comparison of the State of the Art 13.5 Conclusion References Chapter 14 Wireless and Wearable Biomarker Analysis 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Sweat‐Based Biomarkers 14.2.1 Metabolites 14.2.2 Electrolytes 14.2.3 Steroids 14.2.4 Proteins 14.2.5 Xenobiotics 14.3 Wearable Chemical Sensing Interfaces 14.3.1 Electroenzymatic Sensors 14.3.2 Ion‐selective Sensing Interfaces 14.3.3 Bioaffinity‐based Sensors 14.3.4 Synthetic Receptor‐based Chemical Sensors 14.3.5 Recognition Element‐free Sensors 14.4 Biofluid Accessibility 14.5 Microfluidic Interfaces 14.5.1 Types of Microfluidic Interfaces 14.5.2 Biofluid Manipulation in Microfluidic Interfaces 14.6 Electronic and Wireless Integration References A Antennas and Sensors for Medical Applications: A Representative Literature Review A.1 Purpose and Scope of the Chapter A.2 Antennas for Wireless Diagnosis and Treatment A.2.1 Medical Imaging A.2.1.1 RF Coil for Magnetic Resonance Imaging A.2.1.2 Antennas for Microwave Imaging A.2.2 Telemetries and Wireless Powering A.2.2.1 Neural Implants A.2.2.2 Cardiac Implants A.2.2.3 Wireless Capsule Endoscopy and Wireless Drug Delivery A.2.3 Microwave Ablations for Localized Tumor Treatment A.3 Sensors for Wearable Medical Applications A.3.1 Sensor Classification and Terminologies A.3.2 Mechanical Sensors A.3.3 Electrical Sensors A.3.4 Optical Sensors A.3.5 Chemical Sensors A.3.5.1 Electrochemical Sensing Mechanisms A.3.5.2 Electrochemical Sensing: State of the Art References Index EULA