Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery

Description

Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery Provides a fully updated new edition of this comprehensive, detailed reference to surgical syndromes and diseases in small animals Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery, Second Edition offers a thoroughly revised new edition of this comprehensive, detailed reference to surgical syndromes and diseases in small animal patients. Featuring detailed surgical descriptions accompanied by high-quality illustrations, the book updates the procedures throughout to include new and revised techniques. New chapters cover pyloric hypertrophy, coagulation factors and anticoagulation strategies, and pacemakers, with a newly standalone chapter on persistent aortic arches. Organized by body system, each section of the book includes a brief review of surgical anatomy and physiology. Chapters present surgical techniques, with information on pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis, and a companion website provides video clips and slideshows demonstrating the procedures. The Second Edition: Presents a complete resource to small animal soft tissue surgeryFeatures detailed surgical descriptions accompanied by high-quality illustrationsUpdates surgical techniques throughout to reflect new or refined procedures Adds chapters on pyloric hypertrophy, coagulation factors and anticoagulation strategies, and pacemakers, and splits persistent aortic arches into an expanded standalone chapterFeatures video clips and slideshows on a companion website to demonstrate the techniques covered Relying on the very latest literature to present the current state of the art, Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery is an essential reference for small animal surgeons, residents, and practitioners performing soft tissue surgery. Cover Title Page Copyright Page Contents List of Contributors Preface About the Companion Website Section 1 Gastrointestinal Surgery Chapter 1 Disorders of the Salivary Gland Anatomy Pathophysiology Specific disorders Salivary mucocele (sialocele) Cervical mucocele Ranula Pharyngeal mucocele Zygomatic mucocele Parotid mucocele Neoplasia Sialolithiasis Sialoadenitis Necrotizing Sialometaplasia References Chapter 2 Surgical Treatment of Esophageal Disease Surgical principles Surgical technique Surgical approaches Surgical procedures Diagnostics Clinical signs and physical examination findings Radiography Esophageal endoscopy Computed tomography Esophageal disease Esophageal strictures Esophageal diverticula Esophageal fistula Esophageal neoplasia Esophageal foreign body References Chapter 3 Vascular Ring Anomalies Different types of vascular ring anomalies Diagnostic Clinical presentation Imaging techniques Surgical treatment Intercostal thoracotomy Thoracoscopy Complications and aftercare References Chapter 4 Hiatal Hernia Anatomy and physiology Pathophysiology History and clinical signs Diagnosis Treatment Medical treatment Surgical treatment References Chapter 5 Pyloric Hypertrophy Pathophysiology Clinical signs and physical examination Diagnostics Bloodwork Radiographs Endoscopy Surgical management References Chapter 6 Gastroduodenal Ulceration Pathophysiology Pathogenesis of gastroduodenal ulcers in dogs Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and gastroduodenal ulcers Pathogenesis of gastroduodenal ulceration in cats Clinical presentation of dogs and cats with gastroduodenal ulceration Diagnosis of gastroduodenal ulceration Treatment of gastroduodenal ulceration Acid suppression therapy Cytoprotection Adjunctive treatments Surgical treatment Outcome References Chapter 7 Gastric Dilatation Volvulus Etiology Intrinsic risk factors Extrinsic risk factors Previous splenectomy Pathophysiology Clinical signs Bloodwork Prognostic tests Cardiac biomarkers and echocardiography Serum lactate Inflammatory biomarkers C-reactive protein, high-mobility group box 1, and procalcitonin Immediate diagnostics and treatment/stabilization Intravenous fluid therapy Positive inotropes and vasopressors Antiarrhythmic drugs Antibiotics Adjunct therapies Gastric decompression techniques Diagnostic imaging Assessment of gastric wall viability Partial gastrectomy Gastropexy techniques Laparoscopic-assisted derotation and gastropexy Prophylactic gastropexy Postoperative management Prognosis References Chapter 8 Focal and Linear Gastrointestinal Obstructions Pathophysiology Clinical signs and physical examination Diagnostics Bloodwork Fluid analysis Radiography Ultrasound Endoscopy Computed tomography Magnetic resonance imaging Surgical management Surgical considerations Surgical techniques Minimally invasive techniques Biopsies Leak testing Enteroplication Postoperative care Surgical complications and outcome Conclusion References Chapter 9 Mesenteric Volvulus and Colonic Torsion Mesenteric volvulus Pathophysiology Etiology Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis Colonic torsion/volvulus Pathophysiology Etiology Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis References Chapter 10 Gastrointestinal Neoplasia Tumors of the stomach, small intestine, colon, and rectum Pathology Clinical signs Diagnosis Surgical treatment Palliative treatments: stenting/rerouting/bypass Adjuvant therapy Prognosis Clinical signs Diagnosis Surgical treatment Chemotherapy Radiation therapy Prognosis References Chapter 11 Megacolon Pathophysiology Congenital megacolon (Hirschsprung disease) Idiopathic megacolon Functional outlet obstruction Clinical presentation Feline megacolon Canine megacolon Diagnosis Concurrent conditions Perineal hernia Inflammatory bowel disease Medical treatment Surgical treatment Colotomy Subtotal colectomy Methods of anastomosis Pelvic canal osteotomy Postoperative management and outcome Complications Anastomotic leakage/dehiscence Post-colectomy intestinal adaptation Stricture Recurrent constipation Fecal incontinence Prognosis References Chapter 12 Anal Sac Disease Anatomy Anal sac diseases Neoplasia Anal sacculitis/impaction/abscessation Surgery of the anal sacs Open anal sacculectomy Closed anal sacculectomy References Section 2 Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Chapter 13 Portosystemic Shunts Hepatic encephalopathy Pathogenic factors implicated in hepatic encephalopathy Brain edema Glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid and benzodiazepine receptors Alteration of amino acid metabolism Mercaptans Short-chain fatty acids Phenols Other identified factors Signalment, clinical signs, and physical examination Biochemical profile, hematology, and urinalysis Special blood tests Imaging Radiography Ultrasound Computed tomography Nuclear medicine Magnetic resonance imaging Nonsurgical differentials Medical treatment of dogs with portosystemic shunt Decreased production and absorption of ammonia and other neurotoxins Lactulose Antibiotics Retention enema Probiotics and fecal transplantation Acarbose l-ornithine-l-aspartate Dietary management Controlling precipitating factors Benzodiazepine receptor modulators Surgical treatment Identification of a portosystemic shunt in surgery Where to attenuate a shunt Attenuation of the shunt Ligature Ameroid ring Silicone-polyacrylic acid gradual venous occlusion device Cellophane or thin film banding Hydraulic occluder Embolization with stent and coils Other techniques for intrahepatic shunts Prognostic indicators References Chapter 14 Liver Lobe Torsion and Abscess Liver Lobe Torsion Etiology and Pathophysiology Clinical signs Diagnostics Treatment and complications Postoperative care Prognosis Liver abscess Clinical signs Laboratory Imaging Cytology Treatment Prognosis References Chapter 15 Liver Tumors and Partial Hepatectomy Specific tumor types Hepatocellular tumors Biliary tumors Carcinoids (neuroendocrine tumors) Sarcomas Clinical signs Laboratory findings Imaging modalities Abdominal radiography and ultrasonography Computed tomography Surgical treatment Preoperative considerations Surgical approach to the liver Methods of liver lobectomy Minimizing intraoperative hemorrhage General anatomy of the liver Left lateral lobectomy Left medial lobectomy Left division resection (left lateral and left medial lobes) Central division Right lateral and caudate process of the caudate liver lobe Papillary process of the caudate lobe Postoperative care Complications References Chapter 16 Gallbladder Mucocele Etiology Diagnosis History and physical examination Bloodwork Urinalysis Ultrasonography Treatment References Chapter 17 Extrahepatic Biliary Tract Obstruction Physiology of the biliary system Clinical signs of extrahepatic biliary disease Diagnostic evaluation Bloodwork Imaging modalities Microbiology Pathology affecting the biliary system Cholelithiasis Pancreatitis Neoplasia Mucocele Bile peritonitis Medical management and perioperative therapeutics Surgery related to the biliary system Surgery of the gallbladder Cholecystotomy Cholecystectomy with laparotomy Cholecystectomy with laparoscopy Perioperative complications Surgery of the biliary ducts Choledochotomy Choledochoduodenostomy Surgery to palliate acute and chronic biliary outflow acute obstruction: cholecystostomy and choledochal stenting Choledochal stenting Cholecystostomy tubes Chronic obstruction: biliary–enteric anastamoses (cholecystoenterostomy) Prognosis for patients with extrahepatic biliary tract obstruction References Chapter 18 Other Surgical Diseases of the Gallbladder and Biliary Tract: Cholecystitis, Neoplasia, Infarct, and Trauma Trauma Necrotizing cholecystitis and cystic artery infarction Emphysematous cholecystitis Neoplasia References Chapter 19 Pancreatitis Pathogenesis Etiology and risk factors Diagnosis Signalment Clinical signs and physical examination findings Clinical pathology Laboratory tests for pancreatitis Diagnostic imaging Pathology Cytology Treatment Treatment of the cause Fluid therapy Electrolyte and acid–base therapy Nutrition Plasma and blood transfusion Analgesic therapy Antiemetic therapy Appetite stimulants Antibiotics Glucocorticoids Surgery for pancreatitis Temporary bile diversion Feeding tube placement Peritoneal lavage Pancreatic and peripancreatic fluid collections Walled-off necrosis (previously termed pancreatic abscess) Clinical signs and diagnosis Management Prognosis Pancreatic pseudocyst Clinical signs and diagnosis Management Acute peripancreatic fluid collection Acute necrotic fluid collection References Section 3 Peritoneal Cavity Chapter 20 Peritonitis Etiology Primary peritonitis Secondary peritonitis Tertiary peritonitis Sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis Pathophysiology Diagnosis History, clinical signs, and physical examination Abdominocentesis Diagnostic imaging Laboratory testing Treatment Preoperative management Anesthesia Surgery Lavage Drainage Postoperative treatment Prognosis References Chapter 21 Hemoperitoneum Etiology Diagnosis Clinical presentation Imaging Abdominal radiography Abdominal ultrasonography Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging Clinical pathology Fluid retrieval and analysis Emergency treatment Choice of fluid to restore effective circulating fluid volume Methodology for emergency treatment Endpoints of emergency treatment Asanguinous fluid alternatives Additional therapies Shock and emergency treatment sequelae Surgical intervention Prognosis References Chapter 22 Pneumoperitoneum Etiology Presentation Diagnosis Sequelae Definitive treatment Prognosis References Chapter 23 Retroperitoneal Diseases Pathogenesis Hemoretroperitoneum Uroretroperitoneum Retroperitonitis Pneumoretroperitoneum Retroperitoneal tumors History and clinical signs Diagnostics Treatment Prognosis References Chapter 24 Congenital Abdominal Wall Hernia Umbilical and ventral midline hernias Anatomy and etiology Clinical signs Diagnostics Treatment Aftercare and prognosis Inguinal, scrotal, and femoral hernias Anatomy and etiology Clinical signs Diagnostics Treatment Inguinal hernia repair Scrotal hernia repair Femoral hernia repair Aftercare and prognosis References Chapter 25 Acquired Abdominal Wall Hernia Traumatic hernias Anatomy and etiology History and clinical signs Diagnostics Treatment Aftercare and prognosis Incisional hernias in abdominal wall closures Anatomy and etiology Clinical signs and diagnostics Treatment Aftercare and prognosis References Chapter 26 Diaphragmatic and Peritoneopericardial Diaphragmatic Hernias Diaphragmatic hernia Pathophysiology Clinical presentation Diagnostic imaging Treatment Complications and prognosis Peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia Clinical presentation Diagnostic imaging Treatment Complications and prognosis References Chapter 27 Perineal Hernia Etiology Pathogenesis Historical findings and clinical signs Diagnosis Physical examination Radiographic and ultrasound examination Treatment Medical treatment Surgical treatment Surgical anatomy Transposition of internal obturator Colopexy, cystopexy, and vasopexy Postoperative management References Section 4 Chest Wall Chapter 28 Pectus Excavatum Incidence Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical signs Diagnosis Treatment Conservative management Surgery External splinting technique Complications Postoperative management References Chapter 29 Surgery of the Thoracic Wall Perioperative monitoring and management Respiratory monitoring Ventilation Oxygenation Cardiovascular monitoring Blood pressure monitoring Lactate Electrocardiography Thoracoscopy Anesthetic considerations Surgical technique Transdiaphragmatic subxiphoid approach Intercostal approach Thoracotomy Lateral or intercostal thoracotomy Modified rib pivot lateral thoracotomy Postoperative management References Chapter 30 Tumors of the Thoracic Wall Diagnosis Signalment Presenting signs Imaging Biopsy Treatment: chest wall resection and reconstruction Chest wall resection Chest wall reconstruction Omental pedicle flap Complications Prognosis Primary rib osteosarcoma Primary rib chondrosarcoma Prognostic factors References Chapter 31 Flail Chest Pathophysiology Diagnosis Treatment Medical therapy Surgical therapy References Section 5 Pleural Space Chapter 32 Chylothorax Diagnosis Pathophysiology Treatment Secondary chylothorax (nonidiopathic) Idiopathic chylothorax Surgical treatment Outcomes Future directions References Chapter 33 Pyothorax in Dogs and Cats Etiology Diagnosis Therapy Initial stabilization and medical treatment Antibiotic therapy Thoracostomy tube Monitoring of medical treatment Bronchoscopy Surgical treatment Thoracoscopic evaluation Median sternotomy Outcomes References Chapter 34 Pneumothorax Definition and classification Clinical signs and physical examination findings Pathophysiology Diagnostic imaging Radiography Computed tomography Ultrasonography Treatment Conservative management Thoracocentesis Thoracostomy tube drainage Surgical management of pneumothorax Tissue-sealing devices Tissue sealants Pleurodesis Blood patch pleurodesis Types of pneumothorax Traumatic pneumothorax Spontaneous pneumothorax Pulmonary blebs and bullae References Section 6 Respiratory Surgery Chapter 35 Oronasal and Oroantral Fistula Anatomy Etiology Diagnosis Repair techniques References Chapter 36 Cleft Lip and Palate Classification Embryology Causative factors Problems associated with facial clefting Feeding Dental problems Nasal deformity Ear problems Diagnosis Management of cleft lip and palate Presurgical management Cleft lip Cleft palate Surgical management Timing of surgery General considerations Surgical considerations Cleft lip Surgical anatomy Objectives Surgical technique Postoperative management and complications Cleft of the primary palate Surgical anatomy Objectives Surgical technique Postoperative management and complications Cleft of the secondary palate Surgical anatomy Objectives Surgical technique Postoperative management and complications Prognosis References Chapter 37 Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome Anatomy and pathophysiology Primary static anomalies of the airway Stenotic nares Aberrant conchae, and nasopharyngeal turbinates Soft palate hyperplasia Further primary anomalies of the airway Secondary dynamic changes of the airway Nasopharyngeal obstruction and collapse Tonsillar eversion and hypertrophy Laryngeal collapse Tracheal and bronchial collapse Gastroesophageal disease associated with brachycephalic airway syndrome Gastroesophageal reflux and hiatal hernia Diagnosis Clinical signs Radiologic examination Computed tomography Endoscopic examination Treatment Medical therapy Surgical therapy Controversy of which surgical techniques to apply Stenotic nares Alapexy Vestibuloplasty Postoperative care Complications Prognosis References Chapter 38 Laryngeal Paralysis Etiology Congenital laryngeal paralysis Acquired laryngeal paralysis Clinical findings History Physical examination Laboratory findings Radiographic examination and ultrasonography Laryngeal examination Electromyography Treatment Medical (emergency) treatment Surgical treatment Arytenoid cartilage lateralization Partial laryngectomy per os Ventral laryngotomy approach Castellated laryngofissure Permanent tracheostomy Prognosis References Chapter 39 Laryngeal Neoplasia Clinical signs Diagnosis Surgical treatment Local resection Partial laryngectomy Complete laryngectomy References Chapter 40 Tracheal Surgery Tracheal collapse Pathophysiology Signalment and presentation Diagnosis Treatment Tracheal obstruction Tracheal tumors Inflammatory tracheal masses Tracheal foreign body Tracheal trauma External injury Internal injury Tracheal resection and anastomosis Palliative tracheal surgery Temporary tracheostomy Permanent tracheostomy References Chapter 41 Surgical Diseases of the Lungs Cyst, bullae, and bleb Bronchoesophageal fistulas Consolidated lung lobe and abscess History Diagnosis Medical approach Surgical approach Bronchiectasis Lung laceration Medical treatment Surgical approach Lung lobe torsion Clinical signs Diagnosis Medical therapy Surgical approach Neoplasia Surgery of the lungs Partial lung lobectomy Complete lung lobectomy Pneumonectomy References Section 7 Urinary Tract Chapter 42 Pathophysiology of Renal Disease Renal physiology and its importance in overall body function Determinants of glomerular filtration rate Renal blood flow Acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease Urine output and renal failure Differentiating acute kidney injury from chronic kidney disease Acute kidney injury Hemodynamic acute kidney injury Intrinsic acute kidney injury Postrenal acute kidney injury Mechanism of acute kidney injury Phases of acute kidney injury Role of endothelial cells in acute kidney injury Complications arising from acute kidney injury Preventive measures in acute kidney injury Outcome Chronic kidney disease References Chapter 43 Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction Pathophysiology of upper urinary tract stones Patient evaluation Physical examination findings Clinicopathologic evaluation Imaging Plain radiography Contrast study Ultrasound Computed tomography Renal scintigraphy Management of nephroliths Medical management Surgical management Nephrotomy Pyelolithotomy Nephrectomy Management of ureteroliths Medical management Surgical management Ureterotomy Ureteroneocystostomy Ureteroureterostomy Renal descensus and psoas cystopexy Boari tube Urinary diversion Complications after surgery of the ureter References Chapter 44 Urolithiasis of the Lower Urinary Tract Patient evaluation Physical examination findings Clinicopathologic evaluation Imaging Medical management: dietary modification and antibiotic therapy Nonsurgical approach for removal of calculi in the lower urinary tract Voiding hydropropulsion Cystoscopic retrieval Laser lithotripsy Electrohydraulic lithotripsy Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy Cystoscopy with laser or electrohydraulic lithotripsy Surgical removal of calculi in the lower urinary tract Retrograde urohydropulsion Cystotomy with laparotomy Transvesicular percutaneous cystolithotomy Laparoscopy-assisted cystotomy Urethrotomy Urethrostomy Scrotal urethrostomy Perineal urethrostomy in dogs Perineal urethrostomy in cats Prepubic urethrostomy Subpubic urethrostomy Transpelvic urethrostomy References Chapter 45 Ureteral Ectopia and Urinary Incontinence Anatomic considerations Physiology of continence Pathophysiology of urinary incontinence Urethral sphincter mechanism incontinence Ectopic ureters Neurogenic incontinence Miscellaneous causes of urinary incontinence History, clinical signs, and physical examination Diagnostic imaging Plain and contrast radiographic techniques Ultrasonography Cystoscopy Computed tomography Urethral pressure profilometry References Chapter 46 Treatment Strategies for Urethral Sphincter Mechanism Incompetence Medical management Surgical management Injectable bulking agents Technique Hydraulic occluders Procedure Postoperative care and complications References Chapter 47 Treatment Strategies for Ureteral Ectopia Creation of a new opening of the ureter in the bladder Creation of a new stoma with ligation of the distal ureter Creation of a new stoma with urethral-trigonal reconstruction Reimplantation of the ureter Canine reimplantation of the ureter Feline reimplantation of the ureter Ureteronephrectomy Technique Cystoscopic-guided laser ablation of ectopic ureters Procedure Postoperative care and complications Prognosis for ureteral ectopia in dogs and cats References Chapter 48 Neoplasia of the Urinary Tract Renal Neoplasia Incidence Pathology and biological behavior Clinical signs Diagnostic evaluation Treatment Prognosis Ureteral neoplasia Incidence Pathology and biological behavior Clinical signs Diagnostic evaluation Treatment Prognosis Neoplasia of the urinary bladder and urethra Incidence Pathology and biological behavior Clinical signs Diagnostic evaluation Treatment Prognosis References Chapter 49 Urinary Tract Trauma Clinical signs of urinary tract trauma Initial stabilization Clinicopathologic evaluation Radiographic evaluation of the patient with urinary tract trauma Retroperitoneal hematoma Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra References Chapter 50 Urinary Diversion Techniques Kidney Nephrostomy tubes Ureter Ureteral stents Subcutaneous ureteral bypass Decision making Bladder Cystostomy tubes Urethra Urethral catheterization Urethral stents References Chapter 51 Idiopathic or Benign Essential Renal Hematuria Diagnosis Treatment options Medical treatment Minimally invasive surgery Surgical treatment Conclusion References Chapter 52 Renal Transplant Feline renal transplantation Timing Pretransplantation screening Donor cat Ethics Donor identification and screening Outcomes following renal donation Pretransplantation medical therapy Surgery Donor–recipient organization Renal and ureteral harvest Cold flushing and storage technique Vascular anastomosis Papillae transfer ureteral implantation Mucosal apposition ureteral implantation Nephropexy Anesthesia considerations Immunosuppression Acute complications Hemorrhage and thrombosis Hypertension Neurologic signs Delayed graft function Chronic complications Neoplasia Diabetes Infection Acute rejection Retroperitoneal fibrosis Ureteral stricture or obstruction Anemia Calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity Miscellaneous complications Survival Canine renal transplantation References Section 8 Reproductive Tract Chapter 53 Pyometra Pathophysiology Predisposing factors The role of E. coli The role of the host’s immune response Pyometra in cats Clinical signs Diagnosis Signalment History Clinical examination Laboratory findings Diagnostic imaging and vaginoscopy Differential diagnosis Uterine enlargement Systemic clinical signs Purulent vulvar discharge Treatment Indications for surgical treatment or medical therapy Medical management of pyometra Surgical treatment for pyometra Possible alternative endoscopic treatment of canine pyometra References Chapter 54 Cesarean Section Indications for an elective cesarean section Ultrasound as a prediction method Radiography as a prediction method Foam stability test as a development prediction method Tocodynamometer as a prediction method Indications for an emergency cesarean section Preoperative considerations Physical examination and bloodwork Preparation of the patient Minimizing anesthetic time Anesthetic considerations Surgical procedure Postoperative analgesia Neonatal care Complications and prognosis References Chapter 55 Congenital Vaginal Defects Vaginal defects Development Clinical signs Diagnosis Treatment Clitoral hypertrophy References Chapter 56 Ovariectomy and Ovariohysterectomy Effects of age of patient at time of neutering Ovariohysterectomy versus ovariectomy Surgical techniques Canine ovariohysterectomy and ovariectomy Feline ovariectomy and ovariohysterectomy Complications References Chapter 57 Scrotal and Testicular Trauma and Neoplasia Scrotum Lacerations and penetrating wounds Hernia Dermatitis Tumors Testes Trauma Tumors Diagnosis Metastases Treatment References Chapter 58 Prostatic Disease Noninfectious, nonneoplastic prostate diseases Benign prostatic hyperplasia Intraparenchymal prostatic cysts Paraprostatic cysts Prostatic calculi Squamous metaplasia of the prostate Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome Infectious prostate diseases Chronic bacterial prostatitis Acute bacterial prostatitis Prostatic abscess Neoplastic prostate diseases Diagnosis Clinical signs of prostatic disease Palpation of the testes and prostate gland Prostate imaging Prostatic fluid analysis Histopathology Urinalysis Hematology Treatment Castration Antimicrobials Prostatic drainage Paraprostatic cyst or abscess excision with omentalization Prostatectomy Adjunctive prostatic neoplasia treatments Prognosis References Chapter 59 Cryptorchidism Causes Normal development Abnormal development Clinical signs Diagnosis Laboratory assessment Medical treatment Surgical treatment Extrainguinal testis Inguinal testis Intra-abdominal testis Laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy Laparoscopic-assisted technique References Chapter 60 Paraphimosis Causes Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis References Chapter 61 Priapism Normal anatomy and physiology of erection Etiology High-flow priapism Low-flow priapism Presentation Diagnosis Treatment References Chapter 62 Phimosis Causes Presentation Diagnosis Treatment References Chapter 63 Penile and Preputial Trauma and Neoplasia Trauma to the prepuce and penis Lacerations of the prepuce and penis Traumatic truncation and amputation of the penis Fracture of the os penis Injury to the proximal penis Neoplasia of the prepuce and penis Neoplasia of the soft tissues Neoplasia associated with the os penis References Section 9 Endocrine Chapter 64 Primary Hyperparathyroidism Anatomy Physiology History and clinical signs Diagnosis Hematology Serum chemistry Urinalysis Parathyroid hormone assays Diagnostic imaging Differential diagnosis Hypercalcemia of malignancy: parathyroid hormone-related protein Hypoadrenocorticism Hypervitaminosis D Renal failure Granulomatous/inflammatory Preoperative considerations: hypercalcemia Surgical technique Postoperative care Histopathology Nonsurgical therapy Percutaneous ultrasound-guided ethanol ablation Percutaneous ultrasound-guided heat ablation References Chapter 65 Feline Hyperthyroidism Pathogenesis and etiology Signalment Clinical features Supportive diagnostic tests Hematology Biochemistry Cardiac imaging (radiographs, ultrasound, electrocardiography) Thyroid imaging Definitive diagnostic tests Thyroid scintigraphy Thyroid hormone concentrations Treatment Medical management Surgical treatment Radioactive iodine treatment Other treatments Complications of treatment: kidney disease and hypothyroidism Conclusion References Chapter 66 Canine Thyroid Neoplasia Clinical features Diagnostic procedures Physical examination Thyroid function Blood typing Echocardiography and electrocardiography Radiographs of the chest Ultrasound of the neck Computed tomography of the neck Radionuclide scan Cytology Treatment Surgical excision External beam radiation therapy 131I radiation therapy Chemotherapy Long-term monitoring Prognosis References Chapter 67 Canine and Feline Insulinoma Pathology Pathophysiology Signalment Clinical signs Physical examination Clinical pathology Differential diagnoses Diagnosis Glycemia and insulin levels Imaging modalities Treatment Medical therapy Surgical therapy Surgical techniques Prognosis Feline insulinoma References Chapter 68 Adrenal Tumors Adrenocortical adenocarcinoma, adrenal adenoma, adrenocortical adenomatous hyperplasia History and physical findings General laboratory test results Endocrinological test results Imaging Preoperative preparation Patient management during and after surgery Adrenal medullary tumor (pheochromocytoma) History and physical findings Preoperative preparation and intraoperative monitoring Aldosteronoma History and physical findings Intraoperative and postoperative medical management Surgical considerations Operative planning Surgical approaches Adrenal tumors with vascular invasion Histopathology results Cortical tumors Medullary tumors Prognosis References Section 10 Ear Surgery Chapter 69 Anatomy of the Ear Pinna External ear canal Middle ear Inner ear Innervation of the ear Blood supply to the ear References Chapter 70 Surgery of the Pinna Lacerations Resection of portions of the pinna Wedge excision, partial amputation, and total pinnectomy Reconstruction of auricular margin defects Aural hematoma Pathogenesis Treatment Ear canal separation References Chapter 71 Aural Neoplasia Origins, occurrence, and clinical signs Tumors of the canine ear Benign tumors Malignant neoplasms Tumors of the feline ear Benign tumors Malignant neoplasms Alternative or adjunctive therapy for ear neoplasia References Chapter 72 Otitis Externa Indications for surgical treatment References Chapter 73 Feline and Canine Otitis Media Causes Pathogenesis Clinical signs Diagnosis Treatment References Chapter 74 Surgery of the Vertical Ear Canal Lateral wall resection Indications Surgical technique Postoperative care and complications Vertical ear canal ablation Indications Surgical technique Postoperative care and complications Lateral wall resection versus vertical canal ablation References Chapter 75 Imaging of the Ear for Surgical Evaluation Radiology Ultrasonography Computed tomography Magnetic resonance imaging References Chapter 76 Total Ear Canal Ablation and Lateral Bulla Osteotomy Owner education Preoperative work-up Physical examination Otoscopic examination Imaging evaluation Preoperative antibiotic and analgesia regimen choice Surgical anatomy Surgical equipment Surgical technique Postoperative care Complications and treatment References Chapter 77 Subtotal Ear Canal Ablation Indications Surgical technique Outcome References Chapter 78 Surgical Diseases of the Middle Ear Diseases of the middle ear Polyps Cholesteatoma Cholesterol granuloma Neoplasia Fistulas post total ear canal ablation Treatment and surgical recommendations Presurgical treatment Perioperative care Ventral bulla osteotomy Lateral Bulla Osteotomy Postoperative care and complications Healing and outcome after bulla osteotomy Summary References Section 11 Cardiac Chapter 79 Coagulation Disorders and Surgery Understanding hypocoagulability Primary hemostasis Secondary hemostasis Assessment of coagulation status Therapy for hypocoagulable patients Hypercoagulability: a clinical conundrum References Chapter 80 Heart Surgery Strategies Beating heart surgery Inflow occlusion Cardiopulmonary bypass References Chapter 81 Congenital Cardiac Shunts Patent ductus arteriosus Pathophysiology Indication for surgery Patent ductus arteriosus ligation Outcomes Ventricular septal defect Pathophysiology Indications Pulmonary artery banding Open repair for ventricular septal defect Outcomes Atrial and atrioventricular septal defect Pathophysiology Indication for surgery Open repair for atrial and atrioventricular septal defects Outcomes Tetralogy of Fallot Pathophysiology Indications Modified Blalock–Taussig shunt Open repair of tetralogy of Fallot Outcomes References Chapter 82 Valvular Heart Disease Mitral regurgitation Pathophysiology Indications for surgery Mitral valve repair Mitral valve replacement Outcomes Tricuspid valve dysplasia Indications for surgery Tricuspid valve repair Tricuspid valve replacement Outcomes References Chapter 83 Cardiac Neoplasia Hemangiosarcoma Aortic body tumors Intraluminal tumors References Chapter 84 Congenital Pericardial Diseases Absence of pericardium and pericardial defects Peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia Pericardial cysts Clinical findings Treatment References Chapter 85 Constrictive Pericarditis Etiology Pathophysiology Diagnosis History and physical examination Electrocardiography Radiography Echocardiography Cardiac catheterization Differentiating constrictive pericarditis from restrictive cardiomyopathy Treatment References Chapter 86 Pericardial Effusion Etiology Pericarditis Idiopathic pericardial effusion Neoplastic pericardial effusion Hemangiosarcoma of the right atrium Chemodectoma or heart base tumor Mesothelioma Pathophysiology of cardiac tamponade Diagnosis Signalment and history Physical examination Laboratory evaluation Electrocardiography Radiography Echocardiography Treatment Pericardiocentesis Pericardiectomy Pericardial window Percutaneous balloon pericardiotomy Right trial tumor resection and heart base tumor resection References Chapter 87 Pacemaker Therapy Indications Atrioventricular block Sick sinus syndrome Atrial standstill Theories of artificial cardiac stimulation Chronaxie and rheobase Pacing equipment Pulse generator Leads Surgical technique Transdiaphragmatic approach Mini-thoracotomy approach Transvenous approach Postoperative evaluation Failure to capture Failure to sense Battery failure Hemodynamic effect of pacing: pacemaker syndrome References Section 12 Hematopoietic Chapter 88 Surgical Treatment of Splenic Disease Splenic diseases Neoplasia Hematoma Splenic trauma Splenitis/splenic abscessation Splenic torsion Splenic infarction Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia/immune-mediated thrombocytopenia Diagnostics Clinical signs/physical examination Bloodwork Radiographs Ultrasound Computed tomography Magnetic resonance imaging Splenic aspiration and biopsy Biomarkers Management of splenic disease Preoperative management Intraoperative management Postoperative management References Chapter 89 Surgical Treatment of Thymic Disease Thymic anatomy Diagnostics Clinical signs/physical examination Bloodwork Radiographs Ultrasound Computed tomography Magnetic resonance imaging/positron emission tomography Cytology/histopathology Staging Thymic diseases Thymoma Thymic lymphoma Other thymic disease Surgical management of thymic disease Surgical approach Procedures References Index EULA