Sustainable Utilization of Carbon Dioxide in Waste Management: Moving toward reducing environmental impact

Description

Sustainable Utilization of Carbon Dioxide in Waste Management addresses all aspects of sustainable use of carbon dioxide in waste management processes and provides best practices and process improvements for carbon sequestration in the management of a variety of waste types, including carbide lime waste, construction waste, and reject brine effluents, amongst others. The book also provides underlying research on the environmental impacts of these wastes and the need for carbon capture to emphasize the importance and need for improvements of these processes. Overall, this information will be key to determining lifecycle benefits of CO2 for each newly improved waste process. This is an important source of information for environmental and sustainability scientists and engineers, as well as academics and researchers in the field who should be trying to achieve increased carbon capture in any form of waste process to reduce environmental impact. Front Cover Sustainable Utilization of Carbon Dioxide in Waste Management Sustainable Utilization of Carbon Dioxide in Waste Management: Moving toward reducing environmental impact Copyright Dedication Contents About the authors Preface 1 - Emerging carbon-based waste management sustainable practices 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Waste management principles and approaches 1.2.1 Waste management hierarchy 1.2.2 Emerging approaches in waste management 1.2.2.1 Zero waste 1.2.2.2 Design for the environment 1.2.2.3 Sustainable materials management 1.2.2.4 Circular economy 1.2.2.5 End-of-waste 1.3 Circular economy (CE) 1.3.1 CE definitions 1.3.2 CE-based legislation 1.3.3 CE drivers, challenges, inhibitors, and enablers 1.3.4 CE and sustainable development 1.3.5 CE monitoring indicators 1.3.6 Carbon reprocessing 1.4 End-of-waste criteria 1.4.1 Regulatory standing of EoW criteria 1.4.1.1 EU Waste Framework Directive 1.4.1.2 The evolution from waste regulation to product regulation 1.4.1.2.1 Construction products directive/regulation 1.4.1.2.2 REACH Regulation 1.4.1.2.3 Assignment of primary water criteria 1.4.1.2.4 Utilization of inert waste criteria 1.4.1.2.5 Use of reprocessed aggregates in unbound and bound applications 1.4.2 Development of EoW leaching limit values 1.4.3 Guiding principles for establishing EoW criteria 1.4.3.1 Criteria for input material stream 1.4.3.2 Criteria for processing stream 1.4.3.3 Criteria for product quality stream 1.4.3.4 Criteria for potential applications stream 1.4.3.5 Criteria for quality control stream 1.4.4 Impact assessment 1.4.4.1 Environment, health and safety (EHS) impacts 1.4.4.2 Economic impact assessment 1.4.4.3 Market impact assessment 1.4.4.4 Regulation impact assessment 1.4.4.5 Other socio-economic impacts 1.4.5 Drafting possible EoW criteria proposals 1.4.5.1 Initial investigation 1.4.5.2 Assessment 1.4.5.3 Drafting of the EoW criteria 1.4.5.4 Assessment of potential impact 1.4.5.5 Preparation of final technical report 1.5 Case study 1: development of EoW criteria for construction and demolition reprocessed waste aggregates 1.5.1 Material analysis: sources, uses, and treatment 1.5.2 Quality assurance 1.5.3 Environmental impact 1.5.4 Related regulations 1.5.5 Market evaluation 1.5.6 Public perception or consumer acceptance 1.5.7 EoW criteria for C&D waste 1.6 Case study 2: development of EoW criteria for secondary aggregates from industrial processes 1.6.1 Analysis of coal combustion residues (CCR) 1.6.1.1 Types of CCR 1.6.1.1.1 Fly ash 1.6.1.1.2 Bottom ash 1.6.1.1.3 Boiler slag 1.6.1.2 Quantity of CCR 1.6.1.3 Use of CCR 1.6.1.4 Legislation for use of CCR 1.6.1.5 Environmental risks of CCR 1.6.2 Analysis of iron and steel slags production residues (ISSPR) 1.6.2.1 Types of ISSPR 1.6.2.1.1 Blast furnace slag (BFS) 1.6.2.1.2 Steel slags 1.6.2.2 Quantity of ISSPR 1.6.2.2.1 Use of ISSPR 1.6.2.3 Environmental risks of ISSPR 1.6.3 EoW criteria for reprocessed aggregates derived from ISSPR 1.7 Case study 3: development of EoW criteria for carbon capture and utilization (CCU) products 1.7.1 Input materials of CCU-based products 1.7.2 Production 1.7.3 Economic assessment 1.7.4 Marketing of CCU products 1.7.5 EoW criteria for CCU products 1.8 Summary and concluding remarks References 2 - Carbon capture and utilization 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Carbon capture 2.3 Carbon capture cost 2.4 Carbon dioxide transport 2.5 Carbon storage (CS) technologies 2.6 Carbon utilization (CU) technologies 2.6.1 CU utilization options 2.6.1.1 Direct CO2 utilizations 2.6.1.2 CO2 utilizations for material production 2.6.1.2.1 Solvents 2.6.1.2.2 Chemicals 2.6.1.2.3 Fertilizers 2.6.1.2.4 Plastics 2.6.1.2.5 Mineralization 2.6.1.2.6 Geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide 2.6.1.2.7 Ocean carbon dioxide sequestration 2.6.1.3 CO2 utilization as an energy source 2.7 Global CO2 utilization projects 2.8 Carbon capture and utilization economic evaluation 2.9 Carbon binding capacity in carbon-based products 2.10 Market potential of carbon-based products 2.11 Policies and regulations to support carbon capture, storage, and utilizations 2.11.1 The European Union's current regulatory framework 2.11.1.1 Climate and energy policy framework 2.11.1.2 Waste and circular economy policy framework 2.11.1.3 Products and labeling policy framework 2.11.1.4 Environmental pollution policy framework 2.11.1.5 Environmental risk policy framework 2.11.1.6 Environmental impact assessment policy framework 2.11.1.7 Financing programs and instruments for CCU routes 2.11.2 CCU regulatory challenges and developments 2.11.2.1 Geologic storage of carbon dioxide directive 2.11.2.2 Energy efficiency directive 2.11.2.3 Monitoring and reporting regulation 2.11.3 GHG accountability 2.11.4 Barriers to the development of CCU 2.11.5 EU action plan for a circular economy 2.12 Summary and concluding remarks References 3 - Assessment of carbon dioxide utilization technologies 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Technical and economic assessment 3.2.1 Goals of the technical and economic assessment 3.2.2 Scope of the study 3.2.2.1 CCU product systems, elements, and boundaries 3.2.2.2 Benchmark systems for CCU products 3.2.2.3 Assessment indicators for CCU products 3.2.3 Inventory/record 3.2.4 Indicators/indices 3.2.5 Interpretation/explanation 3.2.6 Reporting 3.3 Life-cycle assessment 3.3.1 Goal of the study 3.3.2 Scope of the study 3.3.2.1 Product system, functional unit, and reference flow 3.3.2.2 Identification of the boundaries of the system 3.3.2.3 Inventory modeling and multi-functionality 3.3.2.4 Data quality 3.3.3 Life-cycle inventory 3.3.4 Life Cycle Impact Assessment 3.3.4.1 Effect of decarbonization degree 3.3.4.2 Effect of power generation type 3.3.4.3 Effect of carbon capture and mineral carbonation 3.3.4.4 Effect of carbon storage technology 3.3.4.5 Effect of carbonation processes 3.3.4.6 Effect of multi-functionality treatment 3.3.4.7 Carbon capture and utilization for enhanced oil recovery 3.3.5 Life cycle sensitivity analysis 3.3.6 Life cycle interpretation and reporting 3.4 Summary and concluding remarks References 4 - Carbonation reaction kinetics 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Chemical reactions 4.2.1 Solids 4.2.2 Carbonation of alkaline solid waste 4.3 Reaction models 4.3.1 Shrinking core model 4.3.2 Progressive-conversion model 4.3.3 Particle-pellet model 4.4 Unreacted core shrinking model for spherical particles 4.4.1 Theoretical development 4.4.2 Determination of the rate-controlling step 4.4.3 Kinetic expressions for diffusion-limited reactions 4.4.3.1 Parabolic law 4.4.3.2 Linear and logarithmic laws 4.4.3.3 Holt-Cutler-Wadsworth's equation 4.4.3.4 Jander's equation 4.4.3.5 Ginstling-Brounshtein's equation 4.4.3.6 Carter's equation 4.4.3.7 Dunwal-Wagner's equation 4.4.3.8 Komatsu-Uemura's equation 4.5 Grain model 4.6 Other approaches 4.7 Summary and concluding remarks References 5 - Mineral carbonation 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Carbonation of alkaline materials 5.2.1 Natural carbonation 5.2.2 Accelerated carbonation 5.2.2.1 Direct carbonation 5.2.2.2 Indirect carbonation 5.2.3 Alkaline wastes as adsorbents 5.3 Principles of accelerated carbonation reaction 5.3.1 Process chemistry 5.3.2 Ion equilibrium in solution 5.3.3 Carbonate precipitation 5.3.4 Formation of solid carbonates 5.3.5 Calcite crystal growth 5.3.6 Hydro-magnesite crystal growth 5.3.7 Thermodynamic stability 5.3.8 Solid state reaction kinetics 5.4 Controlling parameters 5.4.1 Surface activation 5.4.2 Dissolution 5.4.3 Carbon dioxide concentration 5.4.4 Reaction temperature 5.4.5 Solution pH 5.4.6 Liquid-to-solid ratio 5.4.7 Formation of passivating product layer 5.4.8 Nature of the product 5.5 Useful carbonated products 5.5.1 Calcium-based carbonates 5.5.2 Magnesium-based carbonates 5.6 Utilization of carbonated products 5.7 Life cycle assessment (LCA) 5.8 Summary and concluding remarks References 6 - Carbonation technologies 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Technology readiness 6.3 Direct gas-solid carbonation 6.4 Single step aqueous processes 6.5 Multistep aqueous processes 6.5.1 Technologies for natural serpentine carbonation 6.5.1.1 The Nottingham University (NU) process (TRL3) 6.5.1.2 The Åbo Akademi (AA) process (TRL3) 6.5.1.3 The shell process (TRL7) 6.5.1.4 The US National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) process 6.5.2 Technologies for alkaline waste carbonation 6.5.2.1 The High Gravity Carbonation (HiGCarb) process (TRL3) 6.5.2.2 Mohamed and El-Gamal's fluidization (MGF) process (TRL6) 6.5.2.2.1 FBR principles 6.5.2.2.2 FBR reactor 6.5.2.2.3 Alkaline solid waste carbonation 6.5.2.2.4 MGF process advantages 6.6 Case studies for the use of the MGF process: I. cement kiln dust (CKD) 6.7 Case studies for the use of MGF process: II. steel slag 6.7.1 Hydration process 6.7.2 Carbonation process 6.7.3 Extent of carbonation 6.7.3.1 Thermal analysis 6.7.3.2 Mineralogical composition 6.7.3.3 Microstructure 6.7.3.4 Leaching 6.7.3.5 Carbon uptake and degree of carbonation 6.8 Case studies for the use of MGF processes: III. production of sewerage pipes 6.8.1 Modified sulfur concrete 6.8.2 Sulfur modification 6.8.3 Production of sulfur concrete 6.8.4 Balanced mix design 6.8.5 Durability of MSC 6.9 Case studies for the use of MGF process: IV. technology demonstration in underground sewerage environment 6.9.1 Material composition 6.9.2 Field testing conditions 6.9.3 Environmental impact 6.9.3.1 Temperature and gases 6.9.3.2 Physicochemical properties 6.9.3.3 Durability 6.10 Case studies for the use of MGF process: V. technology demonstration in saline and variable acidic environments 6.10.1 Strength development 6.10.2 Structural changes 6.10.3 Influence of aqueous environment on strength 6.10.4 Leachability 6.11 Summary and concluding remarks References 7 - Laboratory carbonation methods: testing and evaluation 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Experimental methods 7.2.1 Fluidized bed reactor 7.2.1.1 FBR principles 7.2.1.2 FBR reactor 7.2.1.3 Integrated carbonation system 7.2.1.4 Operational conditions 7.2.1.5 Optimum operational flow rate 7.2.1.6 Carbonation time 7.2.1.7 Total amount of CO2 captured/consumed 7.2.1.8 Intensification of the carbonation process 7.2.1.9 Advantages 7.2.2 Spouted bed reactor 7.2.3 High gravity rotating packed bed 7.2.4 Ultrasound method 7.2.4.1 Acoustic vibrations 7.2.4.2 Effect of ultrasound on liquid-phase systems 7.2.4.3 Cavitation characteristics 7.2.4.4 Controlling parameters 7.2.4.4.1 Ultrasound power and frequency 7.2.4.4.2 Physical properties of the liquid 7.2.4.4.3 Presence of dissolved gases and purity of reaction system 7.2.4.4.4 Temperature 7.2.4.4.5 External pressure 7.2.4.5 Sono-chemical reactions in aqueous media 7.2.4.6 Solid-phase sono-chemical processes 7.2.4.7 Ultrasound carbonation 7.2.5 Autoclave carbonation 7.2.6 Calcium looping 7.3 CO2 experimental uptake 7.3.1 Mass gain method 7.3.2 Mass curve method 7.3.3 Gas analyzer method 7.3.4 Coulometric titration method 7.3.5 Pressure drop method 7.3.6 Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis 7.4 Carbonation efficiency and ratio 7.4.1 Theoretical uptake 7.4.2 Sequestration efficiency 7.4.3 Sequestration ratio 7.5 Summary and concluding remarks References 8 - Carbonation of fly ash 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Classification of fly ash 8.3 Sources of fly ash 8.3.1 Coal fly ash 8.3.2 Municipal solid waste incineration ash 8.3.3 Modern flay ash 8.4 Fly ash utilizations 8.4.1 Neutralization/treatment agent 8.4.2 SO2 capture 8.4.3 CO2 sequestration 8.4.4 Soil stabilization 8.4.5 Cement production or cement-based materials 8.4.6 Pastes and mortars 8.4.7 Hollow blocks 8.4.8 Aggregates 8.4.9 Ceramic tiles 8.4.10 Fire resistance products 8.4.11 Adsorbents and catalysts 8.4.12 Filler material in polymer composites 8.4.13 Agriculture application 8.5 Environmental risks 8.6 Carbonation methods 8.7 Chemical reactions of CO2 sequestration by fly ash 8.8 Thermodynamic simulations of phase equilibria 8.9 Treatment methods 8.9.1 Direct gas carbonation 8.9.2 Direct semi-dry carbonation 8.9.3 Direct aqueous carbonation 8.9.4 Indirect carbonation 8.9.5 Synthetic CaO-based solid sorbents 8.9.5.1 Use of fly ash as an activator 8.9.5.2 Use of calcium carbide residue as an activator to fly ash 8.9.5.3 Use of activated fly ash as a stabilizer to limestone Ca-based sorbent 8.9.5.4 Alkaline solid waste sorbents structural modification via carbon templating 8.9.5.5 Use of MgO as a structural stabilizer to CaO-based sorbent 8.10 Summary and concluding remarks References Further reading 9 - Carbonation of steel slag 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Sources and characteristics of slags 9.3 Steel and iron slags utilizations 9.3.1 Cement production and concrete manufacturing industries 9.3.2 Pavement and road applications 9.3.3 Geotechnical applications 9.3.4 Hydraulic barriers 9.3.5 Agriculture application 9.3.6 Waste management 9.3.7 Sinter ore fluxing agent 9.3.8 Carbon sequestration 9.4 Environmental impact 9.4.1 Environmental problems 9.4.2 Mitigation measures 9.5 Hydration/pretreatment 9.6 Carbonation 9.6.1 Direct carbonation 9.6.2 Aqueous carbonation 9.6.3 Additives 9.7 CO2 sequestration 9.7.1 Theoretical methods 9.7.2 Experimental methods 9.7.3 Sequestration efficiency 9.8 Treatment methods 9.8.1 Direct carbonation 9.8.1.1 Fluidized bed reactor (FBR) 9.8.1.2 High gravity rotating packed bed 9.8.1.3 Ultrasound 9.8.1.4 Spouted bed reactor 9.8.1.5 Static packed bed 9.8.1.5.1 Thin-film carbonation 9.8.1.5.2 Slurry carbonation 9.8.2 Indirect carbonation 9.8.2.1 Rotating packed bed 9.9 Summary and concluding remarks References 10 - Carbonation of calcium carbide residue 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Calcium carbide manufacturing 10.3 Sources of calcium carbide residue 10.4 Utilization of calcium carbide residue 10.4.1 Additive material in the construction industry 10.4.2 Neutralizing/treatment agent 10.4.3 New chemical products 10.4.3.1 Calcium carbonate 10.4.3.2 Xonotlite 10.4.3.3 Calcium formate 10.4.3.4 Other chemicals 10.4.4 Flue gas treatment 10.4.5 Soil stabilizing agent 10.5 CCR disposal practice 10.6 Precipitated calcium carbonate 10.6.1 Calcite polymorph 10.6.2 Aragonite polymorph 10.6.3 Vaterite polymorph 10.6.4 Conversion of pure calcium hydroxide to calcium carbonate 10.6.5 Effect of surfactants and additives on calcium carbonate precipitation 10.7 Treatment processes 10.7.1 Mohamed and El Gamal Fluidization (MGF) direct carbonation process 10.7.1.1 Optimum operational flow rate 10.7.1.2 Carbonation time 10.7.1.3 Total amount of CO2 captured/consumed 10.7.1.4 Carbon sequestration 10.7.1.5 Gas pressure effect 10.7.1.6 Temperature effect 10.7.1.7 Morphology of CaCO3 10.7.1.8 Carbonation effectiveness 10.7.1.9 Durability of carbonated products 10.7.2 Indirect carbonation with ammonium chloride leaching 10.7.3 Production of nano-CaCO3 10.7.3.1 System-based design carbonation process 10.7.3.2 Citrate-based leaching and carbonation 10.7.3.3 Ammonia-based leaching and carbonation 10.7.4 Production of calcium formate [Ca(HCOO)2] 10.7.5 Production of xonotlite 10.7.6 Production of papermaking fillers 10.7.7 Ca-looping process 10.7.7.1 Carbonation and calcination technology 10.7.7.2 Briquetting and calcination technology 10.7.7.3 Foaming and carbonation technology 10.7.7.4 Copyrolysis technology 10.7.7.5 Carbon templating technology 10.8 Summary and concluding remarks References 11 - Carbonation of cement-based construction waste 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Concrete waste 11.3 Waste concrete recycling 11.3.1 Soil amendment and stabilization 11.3.2 Improvement of plant growth 11.3.3 Production of geopolymers 11.3.4 Water treatment 11.3.5 Gas treatment 11.3.6 Carbonation 11.4 Cement types, composition, and hydration 11.4.1 Types and composition 11.4.2 Cement hydration 11.4.2.1 Tri-calcium silicate (C3S) 11.4.2.2 Di-calcium silicate (C2S) 11.4.2.3 Tri-calcium aluminate (C3A) 11.4.2.4 Tetra-calcium alumino-ferrite (C4AF) 11.5 Carbonation mechanisms 11.5.1 Carbonation of portlandite (CH) 11.5.2 Carbonation of calcium-silicate-hydrate (C–S–H) 11.5.3 Carbonation of other phases 11.6 Carbonation of cementitious products 11.6.1 Pure brucite and portlandite 11.6.1.1 Ambient temperature condition effect 11.6.1.2 Accelerated conditions effect 11.6.1.3 Pressure effect 11.6.1.4 Monolithic product effect 11.6.2 Ordinary Portland Cement 11.7 Carbonation of concrete cement waste 11.7.1 Carbonation process 11.7.2 Waste characteristics 11.7.3 Carbonation potential 11.7.4 Controlling parameters 11.7.4.1 Pressure, time, and liquid-to-solid and gas-to-liquid ratios 11.7.4.2 Grain size fractions 11.8 Supercritical CO2 carbonation of cement concrete waste 11.9 Pozzolanic reactivity of carbonated concrete cement fines waste 11.10 Industrial concrete waste recycling 11.11 Summary and concluding remarks References 12 - Carbonation of mine tailings waste 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Mine tailings waste residues 12.2.1 Sources 12.2.2 Properties 12.3 Natural carbonation of tailings waste residues 12.4 Mineral carbonation 12.4.1 Carbonation of Ca-rich minerals 12.4.2 Carbonation of Na-rich minerals 12.4.3 Carbonation of Mg-rich minerals 12.4.4 Pretreatment methods 12.4.5 Single step direct aqueous carbonation 12.4.6 Two-step carbonation 12.5 Carbonation of anorthosite tailing waste residues 12.6 Carbonation of ultramafic tailing waste residues 12.6.1 Brucite dissolution and carbonation rates 12.6.2 Brucite reaction mechanisms 12.6.3 Chrysotile carbonation 12.6.3.1 Effect of water content 12.6.3.2 Effect of water injection cycles 12.6.3.3 Effect of grain size 12.7 Carbonation of ophiolitic complexes tailing waste residues 12.8 Accelerated carbonation of tailings waste residues 12.9 Red mud 12.9.1 Characteristics 12.9.2 Bayer process 12.9.3 Neutralization processes 12.9.4 Current utilization 12.9.5 Carbonation 12.9.6 Calcification-carbonation processes 12.10 Utilization of carbonated tailings waste residues 12.10.1 Supplementary cementitious material 12.10.2 Source material for cement clinker production 12.11 Summary and concluding remarks References Further reading 13 - Carbonation of brine waste 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Desalination capacity 13.3 Brine characteristics 13.4 Environmental issues 13.5 Brine waste management 13.6 Carbonation using solvay process 13.6.1 Basic process 13.6.2 Amine-based solvay process with chloride removal 13.7 Carbonation of high Mg and Ca brine waste 13.8 Carbonation using mixed metal oxides 13.8.1 Hydrotalcite 13.8.2 Structure of hydrotalcites 13.8.3 Chloride removal using hydrotalcites 13.8.4 Carbonation and chloride removal 13.9 Carbonation using alkaline industrial waste 13.9.1 Fly ash 13.9.2 Slags 13.9.3 Cement kiln dust 13.9.4 Bauxite residue 13.10 Carbonation using electrodialysis 13.10.1 Conventional electrodialysis 13.10.2 Ion exchange membranes electrodialysis 13.10.3 Bipolar membranes electrodialysis (BPMED) 13.11 Useful products 13.11.1 Cementitious construction materials 13.11.2 Industrial applications 13.12 Life cycle and techno-economic assessments 13.13 Summary and concluding remarks References Further reading 14 - Carbonation of cement kiln dust 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Sources and characteristics of cement-based dust 14.2.1 Cement kiln dust (CKD) 14.2.2 Cement bypass dust (CBPD) 14.3 Uses of cement kiln dust 14.4 Treatment of cement kiln dust 14.4.1 Hydration of CKD 14.4.2 Carbonation of CKD 14.4.2.1 Reactions 14.4.2.2 Controlling variables 14.4.2.2.1 Chemical composition 14.4.2.2.2 Moisture content 14.4.2.2.3 Size fraction 14.4.2.2.4 Pore space and microstructure 14.4.2.2.5 CO2 concentration 14.4.2.2.6 CO2 pressure 14.4.2.2.7 CO2 flux rate 14.4.2.2.8 Carbonation reaction time 14.4.2.2.9 pH 14.4.2.2.10 Temperature 14.4.2.2.11 Calcium concentration 14.4.2.2.12 Stirring speed 14.4.2.2.13 Catalysts and additives 14.4.2.2.14 Nature of the reacting bed 14.4.2.2.15 System boundary condition 14.4.3 Degree of sequestration 14.5 Treatment processes 14.5.1 Mohamed and El Gamal fluidization (MGF) process 14.5.1.1 Fluidization principle 14.5.1.2 Fluidized bed reactor apparatus 14.5.1.3 Treatment steps 14.5.1.4 Experimental results 14.5.2 Batch carbonation process 14.5.3 Column carbonation process 14.5.4 Rotating tube furnace carbonation process 14.5.5 Ultrasonic carbonation process 14.5.6 Indirect carbonation 14.6 Modeling of carbonation kinetics 14.6.1 Direct carbonation 14.6.1.1 Static bed 14.6.1.2 Fluidized bed 14.6.2 Calcium looping cycle 14.7 Summary and concluding remarks References Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Z Back Cover