Artificial Intelligence Perspective for Smart Cities

Description

The concept of a "smart city" is used widely in general; however, it is hard to explain because of the complexity and multidimensionality of this notion. However, the essential qualification for being a smart city is to achieve "sustainable social, environmental, and economic development" and boost the living standards of society based on Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and Artificial intelligence (AI). AI in smart cities has become an important aspect for cities that face great challenges to make smart decisions for social well-being, particularly cybersecurity and corporate sustainability. In this context, we aim to contribute literature with a value-added approach where various AI applications of smart cities are discussed from a different perspective. First, we start by discussing the conceptual design, modeling, and determination of components for the sustainability of a smart city structure. Since smart cities operate on spatial-based data, it is important to design, operate, and manage smart city elements using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) technologies. Second, we define the structure, type, unit, and functionality of the layers to be placed on the GIS to achieve best practices based on Industry 4.0 components. Transportation is one of the key indicators of smart cities, so it is critical to make transportation in smart cities accessible for different disabled groups by using AI technologies. Third, we demonstrate what kinds of technologies should be used for which disabled groups in different transportation vehicles with specific examples. Finally, we create a discussion platform for processes and sub-processes such as waste management, emergency management, risk management, and data management for establishing smart cities including the financial and ethical aspects. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Abbreviations Foreword Editors Contributors Chapter 1: AI perspective for smart cities 1.1 Introduction References Chapter 2: Conceptual design: Components of smart cities 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Components of smart cities 2.3 Basic requirements of sustainable smart cities 2.3.1 Reliability of information and technology 2.3.2 Technology lifecycle 2.3.3 Compatibility with existing platform 2.3.4 Security 2.4 Smart city design alternatives 2.5 Conclusion References Chapter 3: From digital to sustainable urban systems 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Utilization of smart city (SC) in the architecture of artificially intelligent cities 3.2.1 The use of artificial intelligence and information computer technology for sustainable development: strengths and opportunities 3.2.2 Implementation of Big Data in smart city practice: examples for artificially intelligent cities 3.3 From digital to sustainable: smart city (SC) strategy for urban planning 3.3.1 The motivation for sustainable SC strategy in the digital age 3.3.2 Smart city objectives for sustainable urban systems 3.3.3 The use of SC in urban planning process: pros and cons 3.4 Conclusion References Chapter 4: GIS-based management 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Geographical information systems and the smart city concept 4.3 GIS-based smart city applications 4.4 Artificial intelligence perspective for GIS-based management 4.5 Conclusion References Chapter 5: Industry 4.0 for smart cities 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Industry 4.0 5.3 Smart city 5.4 Dimensions of smart city 5.5 Enabling technologies 5.5.1 Cloud/edge computing 5.5.2 Artificial intelligence 5.5.3 Internet of Things 5.6 Industry 4.0 and smart cities 5.7 Applications of AI and Industry 4.0 in smart cities 5.8 Discussion 5.8.1 Transportation 5.8.2 Healthcare 5.8.3 Smart home 5.8.4 Agriculture 5.8.5 Electricity supply 5.8.6 Waste management 5.9 Conclusion References Chapter 6: Smart transportation for disabilities 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Structure, content and basic building blocks of smart transportation systems 6.2.1 Urban transportation in traditional cities 6.2.1.1 Population density and traffic in traditional cities 6.2.1.2 Problems experienced in traditional urban transportation 6.2.2 The place of artificial intelligence in intelligent transportation systems 6.2.3 Urban transportation in smart cities 6.2.3.1 Intelligent transportation systems overview and IoT 6.2.3.2 Benefits and purpose of intelligent transportation systems 6.2.3.3 Fundamentals of transition from traditional to intelligent transportation in the city 6.2.3.4 Examples of urban intelligent transportation systems used in the world 6.2.3.5 Convenience of intelligent transportation systems 6.2.4 Comparison of traditional transportation and intelligent transportation used in the city 6.3 Transportation of disabled individuals in the city 6.3.1 Individuals with disabilities in urban transportation 6.3.2 Places disabled people want to reach mostly in the city 6.3.3 Problems of disabled people in urban transportation 6.3.4 The place of the disabled in traditional urban transportation systems 6.3.5 The importance of intelligent transportation systems for the disabled 6.3.6 Urban smart transportation applications developed for the disabled 6.3.7 Conveniences provided by intelligent transportation applications to disabled people 6.4 Conclusion References Chapter 7: Waste management for smart cities 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Current state of WM 7.3 Waste categorization and WM problems 7.3.1 Pollution waste 7.3.2 Solid WM problems 7.3.3 Waste collecting problems and waste transportation 7.3.4 Developing country problems 7.3.5 Environmental awareness and adaptation of IT for WM 7.4 WM solutions for smart cities 7.4.1 Strategic perspective of WM 7.4.1.1 Sectoral regulations 7.4.1.2 Collaboration 7.4.2 AI solutions 7.4.2.1 Plastic WM 7.4.2.2 Air pollution 7.4.2.3 Waste generation, collection and transportation 7.4.2.4 Swachh adaptive intelligence-blockchain 7.4.2.5 Deep learning 7.4.3 Smart WM information systems for smart cities 7.4.3.1 Waste collecting and tracking 7.4.3.2 Solid waste 7.4.3.3 IoT-based WM system 7.4.3.4 Smart agriculture solutions 7.4.3.5 Smart grid 7.4.3.6 Software solutions 7.4.4 Intelligent technology-based solutions 7.4.4.1 Blockchain technology 7.4.4.2 Cloud and fog computing 7.4.4.3 Drone technology 7.4.4.4 IoT-based technologies including global positioning system (GPS), RFID, and sensors 7.4.4.5 GPS 7.4.4.6 PADL description language 7.4.4.7 ICT 7.4.5 Data solutions 7.4.5.1 Data collection 7.4.5.2 Big data solutions 7.4.5.3 Data analytics and data-driven decision-making 7.4.5.4 Data security and citizen privacy 7.4.6 Social complementary solutions 7.4.6.1 Culture adaptation 7.4.6.2 Behavioral issues 7.4.6.3 Enhance the ability of IT users 7.4.6.4 Well-being management 7.4.7 Circular economy 7.4.7.1 Countries focus on green deal 7.4.7.2 Greening technology processes 7.4.7.3 Material conversion 7.4.7.4 Recycled plastic usage 7.4.7.5 Renewable energy technologies 7.5 Socio-technical perspective in WM 7.6 Conclusions Notes References Chapter 8: Emergency management in smart cities 8.1 Introduction 8.2 What is emergency management? 8.3 What is a smart city? 8.4 Smart (IoT) devices for emergency management 8.5 Importance of big data 8.6 Traffic management system for emergency services 8.7 AI and EM 8.8 Chapter summary References Chapter 9: Sustainable financing of smart cities 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Distinctive features of smart city finance 9.3 Financial sustainability of smart cities 9.4 Financing methods for smart cities 9.4.1 Traditional financing methods 9.4.1.1 Governmental (or federal) and/or municipal grants and subsidies 9.4.1.2 Municipal bonds 9.4.1.2.1 General obligation bonds 9.4.1.2.2 Revenue bonds 9.4.1.3 Industrial revenue bonds 9.4.1.4 Bank loans and leases 9.4.1.5 International organizations’ funds 9.4.2 Innovative financing methods 9.4.2.1 Public–private partnerships 9.4.2.2 Crowdfunding 9.4.2.3 Green bonds 9.4.2.4 Social impact bonds 9.4.2.5 Pay-for-performance contracts 9.4.2.6 User fees 9.4.2.7 Land-value capture 9.4.2.8 Tax-increment financing 9.4.2.9 Venture philanthropy 9.5 Application of AI tools in financing of smart cities 9.5.1 AI in pre-investment decision-making process 9.5.2 Managing regulations: RegTech 9.5.3 Financial benefits of using acquired data: data monetizing 9.5.4 Utilizing data to determine financial and non-financial returns 9.5.5 Impact of AI on crowdfunding 9.5.6 Merging blockchain, AI, and IoT: tokenization 9.6 Conclusion References Chapter 10: Risk management 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Literature review of DRM from the perspective of AI 10.2.1 Mainstreaming DRM and AI 10.2.2 The use of AI in DRM process: pros and cons 10.2.3 Implementation of AI in DRM practice 10.3 DRR: a decision-making support systems tool 10.3.1 The effectiveness of public stakeholders in DRR process 10.3.2 Information and communication technology (ICT)-enabled risk reduction for resilient urban systems 10.3.3 DRR policies: regional, national, and international perspectives 10.4 Conclusion References Chapter 11: Ethical rules: Protection of personal data 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Data ethics and AI: what is all the fuss about? 11.3 The advent of AI regulation and the legal framework 11.4 Principles of data privacy, ethics and protection 11.5 Ethics in practice 11.6 Key ethical considerations 11.6.1 Human-centric ethics 11.6.1.1 Social ethical concerns 11.6.1.1.1 Discrimination 11.6.1.1.2 Unemployment 11.6.1.1.3 Wealth and skills inequality 11.6.1.2 Data-related ethical concerns 11.6.1.2.1 Data biases 11.6.1.2.2 Data ownership 11.6.1.2.3 Privacy and informed consent 11.6.1.2.4 Transparency, explainability and interpretation 11.6.1.2.5 Safety and security 11.6.2 Singularity/superintelligence 11.6.3 Machine ethics 11.7 Analytical approaches to ethical considerations 11.8 Future expectations 11.9 Conclusion References Chapter 12: Data security 12.1 Introduction 12.2 The concept of data and information security in smart cities 12.3 Security in smart cities from an IOT perspective 12.3.1 Perpection (sensing) layer 12.3.2 Network layer 12.3.3 Support layer 12.3.4 Application layer 12.3.4.1 Cross-site scripting 12.3.4.2 Structured query language injection attack 12.3.4.3 Malware 12.3.4.4 Other Attacks 12.4 Applications in smart cities 12.4.1 Smart environment 12.4.2 Smart governance (government) 12.4.3 Smart people 12.4.4 Smart living 12.4.5 Smart mobility 12.4.6 Smart economy 12.5 Security measures in smart cities 12.6 Conclusion References Index