Landscape and Land Capacity, 2nd Edition

Description

Cover Half Title Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface About The Handbook of Natural Resources Acknowledgments Aims and Scope Editor Contributors Section I: Land scape Composition, Configuration, and Change 1 Conserved Lands: Stewardship Introduction Land Protection and Stewardship Conclusions Acknowledgments References 2 Edge Effects on Wildlife Introduction Conclusion References 3 Fires: Wildland Introduction Causes and Controls Characteristics of Wildland Fire Ecological Effects of Wildland Fire Wildland Fire Policy Conclusions Acknowledgment References 4 Fragmentation and Isolation Introduction Theoretical Foundation for Fragmentation and Isolation Measuring the Effects of Fragmentation and Isolation Response Measures to Fragmentation and Isolation Conclusions Acknowledgments References Bibliography 5 Land Surface Temperature: Remote Sensing Introduction Physics of LST Remote Sensing Technical Approaches Validation and Evaluation of Remote Sensed LST Conclusion References 6 Landscape Connectivity and Ecological Effects Introduction Definitions Measuring Landscape Connectivity Relevance of Landscape Connectivity to Conservation, Restoration, and Exotic Species Management Conclusion References 7 Landscape Dynamics, Disturbance, and Succession Introduction Landscape Succession Landscape Disturbance Landscape Processes Landscape Modeling Conclusions Acknowledgment References 8 Land-Use and Land-Cover Change (LULCC) Introduction Causes and Consequences Theoretical Foundations Monitoring and Modeling Conclusion References Bibliography 9 Protected Area Management Introduction Designation, Extent, and Purposes of Protected Areas Nature and Types of Protected Areas Threats to Protected Areas Management of Protected Areas Conclusion Acknowledgment References 10 Protected Areas: Remote Sensing Introduction Remote Sensing of Changing Landscape of Protected Areas Remote Sensing for Inventory, Mapping, and Conservation Planning of Protected Areas Remote Sensing of Frontier Lands Conclusions References Section II: Genetic Resource and Land Capability 11 Genetic Diversity in Natural Resources Management Introduction How Can Genetic Techniques Inform Management Decisions? How Is Genetic Diversity Measured and Interpreted? Conservation Genomics Spatial Analyses of Genetic Diversity Conclusion Acknowledgments References Bibliography 12 Genetic Resources Conservation: Ex Situ Introduction Centers for Education Centers for Research and Discovery Centers for Plant Protection A New Era of International and National Collaboration Conclusions References 13 Genetic Resources Conservation: In Situ Introduction Conservation Strategies in Agriculture and Forestry Sectors Ecology in Community Conservation Natural Resource Management: The Role of Communities An Integrated Approach to Conservation Conclusions Acknowledgments References 14 Genetic Resources: Farmer Conservation and Crop Management Introduction Farmers and Farmer Varieties in Traditional-Based Agriculture Systems Farmer Choice: Phenotypic and Genetic Variation, Classification, Genotype-by-Environment Interaction, and Risk Farmer Selection: Phenotypic Variability, Heritability, Phenotypic Selection Differential, and Response Conclusions Acknowledgments References 15 Genetic Resources: Seeds Conservation Introduction Conservation of Orthodox Seeds Conservation of Nonorthodox Seeds Management of Seed Collections Main Challenges and Priorities for Improving Seed Conservation Conclusion References 16 Herbicide-Resistant Crops: Impact Introduction Transgenes and Crops Weed Management with HR Crops Impact of HR Crops on Crop Production and Economics Conclusions References 17 Herbicide-Resistant Weeds Background Information History of Herbicide Resistance Mechanisms Responsible for Resistance Factors That Influence the Selection of Resistant Biotypes Prevention and Management of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds Conclusion References 18 Herbicides in the Environment Introduction Transformation Transport Degradation Conclusion Acknowledgments References 19 Insects: Economic Impact Introduction Scope of Problem Insect Pests Insecticide and Miticide Pest Controls Insect Transmission of Plant Pathogens Environmental and Public Health Impacts of Insects Conclusion References 20 Insects: Flower and Fruit Feeding Introduction Detrimental Insects Beneficial Insects Mutualistic Associations Conclusion References 21 Integrated Pest Management Introduction Background Integration The Ecological Bases of IPM The Tools of Pest Management The Scale of IPM Systems Decision Support Systems for IPM Implementation IPM Education and Extension Conclusion References 22 Land Capability Analysis Introduction Kinds of Systems Conclusions References 23 Land Capability Classification Introduction Classifications Historical Perspective Land Capability Classification Conclusions References Section III: Soil 24 Pollution: Point Source Introduction Nature and Sources of Contaminants Contaminant Interactions in Soil and Water Implications to Soil and Environmental Quality Sampling for PS Pollution Assessment Management and/or Remediation of PS Pollution Global Challenges and Responsibility References 25 Soil Carbon and Nitrogen (C/N) Cycling Introduction Bacteria and Fungi Control Soil C/N Cycles Natural versus Anthropogenic Controls of C/N Cycles Conclusion References 26 Soil Degradation: Food Security Introduction Undernourishment—A Major Indicator of Food Insecurity Vulnerable Areas Underlying Causes Minimum Per-Capita Cropland Requirement Estimating Soil Degradation on a Global Scale Soil Degradation and Decline in Productivity References 27 Soil Degradation: Global Assessment Introduction Background Conclusions References 28 Soil: Erosion Assessment Introduction Scale and Extent of Erosion Impact of Erosion Erosion Assessment Controlling Soil Erosion and Off-Site Impacts Conclusion References 29 Soil: Evaporation Introduction Methodologies Conclusions References 30 Soil: Fauna Introduction Soil Fauna—Organisms Soil Fauna—Diversity and Biomass Soil Fauna—Roles in Ecosystem Functions, Stability, and Sustainability Conclusion References 31 Soil: Fertility and Nutrient Management Introduction Soil Fertility Nutrient Management Conclusion References 32 Soil: Organic Matter Introduction Soil Organic Matter Dynamics Assessment of Soil Organic Matter Management of Soil Organic Matter Conclusion References 33 Soil: Organic Matter and Available Water Capacity Introduction Sensitivity of AWC to SOM Environmental Implications Conclusions Acknowledgments References 34 Soil: Spatial Variability Introduction Facets of Spatial Variability in Soils Conclusions References 35 Soil: Taxonomy Introduction Soil Taxonomy over the Last Century The Soil That We Classify Soil Taxonomy into the 21st Century Other National and International Classification Systems Summary and Conclusions References 36 Soil: Microbial Ecology Introduction Microbial Metabolism Groups of Soil Microorganisms Measuring the Size and Structure of Soil Microbial Communities Ecological Interactions and Microorganisms in the Soil Foodweb References 37 Soil Invertebrates: Responses to Forest Types in Changbai Mountains Introduction Distribution Patterns of Soil Invertebrates Taxonomic Compositions of Soil Invertebrates Seasonal Variations of Soil Invertebrates Conclusions References 38 Spatial–Temporal Distribution of Soil Macrofauna Communities: Changbai Mountain Introduction Difference of Soil Macrofauna Communities in the Vertical Zone of the Mountain System Vertical Zonality of Soil Macrofauna Communities in the Mountain System Major Factors of Controlling Soil Macrofauna in the Vertical Zone of the Mountain System Conclusions References Section IV: Landscape Change and Ecological Security 39 Ecological Factors Influencing the Landscape Epidemiology of Tickborne Disease Introduction Tick Biology Ecological Factors Affecting Tick Population Dynamics Ecological Dynamics of Tickborne Disease Are Associated with Landscape Features The Effects of a Changing Climate on the Landscape Ecology of Tickborne Disease Conclusions Targeting Tick Reproduction and Survival References 40 Ecological Security: Changbai Mountains, China Introduction Natural Resources and Ecological Security Concerns Conclusion Remarks References 41 Ecological Security: Land Use Pattern and Simulation Modeling Introduction Urban Ecological Security and Land Use Pattern Summary References 42 Effects of Volcanic Eruptions on Forest in Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve Introduction Methods Results Conclusions References 43 LANDIS PRO Forest Landscape Model Introduction LANDIS PRO Overview Cell-Level Succession Forest Landscape Processes Landscape Heterogeneity Examples of Simulation Output Acknowledgments References 44 Landscape Pattern and Change by Stone Wall Feature Identification Introduction Methods Results Conclusions References 45 Remote Sensing of Urban Dynamics Introduction Global Urban Dynamics National and Regional Applications Local Applications Conclusions References 46 Simulation of Post-Fire Vegetation Recovery Introduction Methods Result Conclusion References 47 Sustainable Agriculture: Social Aspects The Definition of Sustainable Agriculture Structural Causes of the Lack of Sustainability Sustainability and the Corporate-Industrial Agricultural Economy Sustainability as a Social Movement Public Policy and the Future of Agricultural Sustainability References 48 Sustainability and Sustainable Development Introduction A Sense of Urgency Private Sector Opportunities Eight Steps to Sustainability Conclusion Acknowledgments Disclaimer References 49 Urban Environments: Remote Sensing Introduction Remote Sensing and Urban Analysis Conclusions and Further Research References Bibliography Index