Economics of Faith: Reforming Poor Relief in Early Modern Europe

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"This book addresses the role of religious reformers in the development of poor relief in the sixteenth century. During the Reformation, religious leaders served as catalysts, organizers, stabilizers, and consolidators of poor relief programs to alleviate poverty. Although once in line with the religious piety, voluntary poverty was no longer a spiritual virtue for many religious reformers. Rather they imagined social welfare reform to be an integral part of religious reform and worked to modify existing common chests or set up new ones. As crises and migration exacerbated poverty and caused begging to be an increasing concern, Catholic humanists and Protestant reformers moved beyond traditional charity to urge coordination and centralization of a poor relief system. For example, Martin Luther promoted the consolidation of former ecclesiastical property in the poor relief plan for Leisnig in 1523, while Juan Luis Vives devised a new social welfare proposal for Bruges in 1526. In negotiations with magistrates and city councils, reformers helped to shape various local institutions, such hospitals, orphanages, job creation programs, and scholarships for students, as well as to develop new ways of supporting foreigners, strangers, and refugees. Religious leaders contributed to caring for the vulnerable because poverty was a problem too big for any one group or one government to tackle. As religious options multiplied within Christianity, one's understanding of community would determine the boundaries, albeit contested and sometimes fluid, of responsible poor relief"-- Cover Half-Title Series Title Copyright Dedication Contents List of Figures Acknowledgments Abbreviations Introduction: Religious Foundations of Reform 1. Wittenberg Reformers: Critique as Catalyst 2. Johannes Bugenhagen: Diplomat of Poor Relief 3. Heinrich Bullinger: Preacher for Poverty Prevention 4. Migration and Religious Refugees: Poor Relief in Crisis 5. John Calvin: Refugee Pastor and Promoter of the French Fund 6. Swiss Brethren and Dutch Mennonites: Networks of Mutual Aid 7. Hutterites in Moravia: Communal Property Conclusion: Religious Reformers as Practical Visionaries Bibliography Index