Nations: the long history and deep roots of political ethnicity and nationalism.

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Contents Acknowledgments 1 Introduction: is nationalism recent and superficial? Ethnicity has always been political How deep did premodern ethnonational identity reach? The underlying dispute Concepts and definitions Ethnos and ethnicity Peoples Nation and national state Nationalism and patriotism 2 The evolution of kin-culture communities Kinship and culture in the past 150,000 years Evolutionary inheritance and historical transformation 3 From tribes to statehood Tribal growth and ethnic expansion From tribes to states State formation, tribal erosion, and ethnicity 4 Premodern ethne, peoples, states, and nations around the world A Ethnos and city-state The cradle of civilization Phoenicians, Greeks, and Rome Premodern America, Africa, Asia, and Europe B The premodern national state Ancient Egypt: the first state - and first national state Nascent national states in the ancient Near East China: the largest and most enduring ancient people and state In the giant´s shadow: national states around China C Were empires ethnically blind? From Assyria to Persia The Hellenistic and Roman empires The Arab, Ottoman, and Mughal empires Conclusion 5 Premodern Europe and the national state Geopolitics: statehood in the Classical Mediterranean and in emergent Europe A The mushrooming of national states in emergent Europe The British Isles: a history of four nations Scandinavian identity and national identities The medieval German national empire The Czech lands The Polish national state and empire The Russian nation and the Russian Empire Conclusion B Southern versus northern Europe Medieval national states and the clutches of empires in southeast Europe States, geography, and national consolidation in Romance southwest Europe The French paradigmatic case C Was the premodern European nation impossible due to religion, empire, dynastic rule, inequality, and dialect fragmentation? Religion and the nation Empire The dynastic national kingdom Sociopolitical inequality How deep was dialect fragmentation? Conclusion 6 Modernity: nationalism released, transformed, and enhanced A The will of the people and the nation: what enabled what? B Civic nations or ethnic nations? Europe, the English-speaking immigrant countries, Latin America, Africa, and Asia The European national templates The European Union The English-speaking immigrant states: purely civic nations? Ethnicity and nation-building in Latin America Ethnicity and nation-building in sub-Saharan Africa Ethnicity and nation-building in the southeast Asian archipelago Ethnicity and nation-building in India and Pakistan Conclusion: civic versus ethnic nations? C National conflict and solidarity in a globalizing world The audit of war: willingly killing and dying for one´s nation The nation and the welfare state: for whom are people willing to pay? Conclusion: are the nation and nationalism here to stay? 7: State, national identity, ethnicity: normative and constitutional aspects National identity and state Civic and ethnic nationalism ``The nation together with national minorities and ethnic groups´´ Civic nationalism: the French model Civic nationalism: models and dilemmas Immigrant communities ``Imperial nations´´ and composite identities National self-determination and territorial integrity Postcolonial countries: ethnocultural diversity and ``the unity of the nation´´ Binational and multinational states Conclusion CONCLUSION Notes 1 Introduction: is nationalism recent and superficial? 2 The evolution of kin-culture communities 3 From tribes to statehood 4 Premodern ethne, peoples, states, and nations around the world 5 Premodern Europe and the national state 6 Modernity: nationalism released, transformed, and enhanced 7 State, national identity, ethnicity: normative and constitutional aspects Index