Psychotherapist's Guide to Socratic Dialogue

Description

This concise volume serves as a ready guide to using Socratic dialogue with psychotherapy clients.  In very clear language, this volume takes the reader through a working definition of the Socratic method and its clinical application. Used often in cognitive-behavioral therapy, this method is useful to all modes of psychotherapy. This guide provides a solid background to understanding Socratic questioning and examines the various types of questions that may be employed, as well as the different levels that may apply. Theory and explication are bolstered by numerous clinical examples. Useful for both beginning and experienced therapists, this book will enhance the therapeutic relationship and contribute effectively to better outcomes. Preface References Contents Chapter 1: Introduction to the Socratic Method Introduction The Definition of the Socratic Method Benefits of the Socratic Method Time to Use the Socratic Method How to Use Socratic Dialogue The Aim of Socratic Questioning The Amount of the Implementation of the Socratic Dialogue Steps for Presenting Information Time to Use the Didactic Method The Features of Socratic Dialogue The Stages of Socratic Questioning Difficulties During the Questioning Process Interrogation The Therapist’s Error in Recognizing a Thought as Dysfunctional Hastiness to Conclude The Demand of Clients for Guidance The Extreme Emotions The Client’s “I Do Not Know” Response The Socratic Method Conclusion References Chapter 2: Socratic Method in Psychotherapies Introduction Cognitive Therapy Beck’s Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT) Critiques to Cognitive-Behavior Therapy Philosophical Counseling References Chapter 3: Logic and Argument Introduction Definition of Logic Application of Logic Argument Deductive Arguments The Kinds of Inductive Arguments Prediction Argument from Analogy Generalization Argument from Authority The Argument Based on Signs Causal Inference Reasoning Forms Evaluating the Validity of Deductive Reasoning Terms Definition Propositions Immediate Inferences Categorical Syllogism References Chapter 4: Definition of Terms Term Classification Categories Predicable Definition Definition Kinds Defining Rules Clinical Example References Chapter 5: Propositions Judgment Subject and Predicate Categorical Propositions Distribution of Terms Change Propositions Immediate Inference Conversion Another Example Obversion Contraposition Contradiction The Square of Opposition An Example of a Violation of the Subject’s Unity Translating Ordinary Language Statements into Categorical Form Tricky Propositions References Chapter 6: Argument Introduction Meanings of Because How to Detect an Argument Types of Argument Combining Deductive and Inductive Reasoning Psychotherapeutic Example Deductive Reasoning in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Syllogism Examining the Validity of the Syllogism Aristotle Rules Rule 1 The Second Rule The Third Rule The Fourth Rule The Fifth Rule The Sixth Rule Corollary One Corollary Two Enthymeme Chain Syllogism Compound Syllogism Conditional Syllogism Disjunctive Syllogism Conjunctive Syllogism Transforming Syllogism into Different Forms Dilemma Arguments in Daily Language How to Locate an Argument The Distinction Between Arguments and Non-argument Forms Argument and Disagreement Argument and Description Argument Versus Explanation Identifying Implicit Assumptions Implicit Argument Ideological Assumptions Necessary and Sufficient Conditions Variable Control Facts and Opinions References Chapter 7: Inductive Reasoning Inductive Reasoning Theories of Assessing the Probability The Relative Frequency Theory The Subjective Theory Clinical Example Generalization Inductive Reasoning with Elimination Inductive Reasoning Errors Assuming a Causal Link False Correlation Analogical Reasoning Extending an Analogy Criteria for Evaluating an Analogy References Chapter 8: Logical Fallacies Fallacy Equivocation Fallacy Slanting Slogan Hyperbole Absurd Extension Straw Man Fallacy Ad Hominem Emotive Language Appeal to Authority Appeal to Force Appeal to Pity Appeal to the Masses or Popularity Appeal to Ignorance Oversimplification Special Cases Black and White Fallacy Quoting Out of Context Stereotyping Non Sequitur Irrelevant Conclusion Begging the Question The Complex-Question Fallacy Arguing in a Circle Contradictory Premises Inductive Fallacies Hasty Generalization Post Hoc Fallacies Hypothesis Contrary to Fact False Analogy Argument from Silence Selective Evidence Slanting the Question Reductionism Confusing the Accidental with the Essential Proposing Proved Arguments Modern Thinking Complicity People Like Us Unwarranted Leaps Critiques of Formal Logic’s Fallacies Probabilistic Bayesian Approach The Argument from Ignorance Circular Reasoning References Chapter 9: Socratic Method Socratic Method The Socratic Method: The Combination of Deductive and Inductive Reasoning Reductio Ad Absurdum A Dilemma The Procedure for Executing Socratic Dialogue Examining the Evidence An Angry Client Dispute with Brother Questioning Socratic Ignorance Assessing the Correct Belief Therapeutic Relationships Self-improvement Early Maladaptive Schemas and Emotional Beliefs A Client Without Entertainment What Is the Socratic Dialogue? The Definition of the Socratic Method The Aim of the Socratic Method References Chapter 10: Rationality in the Cognitive Psychology Introduction Cognitive Sciences and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Thinking Language, Thinking, and Logic Are Humans Irrational Beings? Cognitive Illusions Thinking Conjunction Fallacy A Worried Client Base-Rate Neglect Probability Matching Clinical Example Framing Gain-Frame Condition Loss-Frame Condition Another Example of Framing Confirmation Bias Illusory Correlation Illusory of Control Wason Selection Task Emotional States Modern Approaches Clients’ Conditional Beliefs Belief Bias Judgment Availability Judgments by Representativeness Anchoring Effect Validity Effect Mere Exposure Effect Halo Effects Overconfidence The Pollyanna Principle Memory Illusions Revelation Effect Survival Processing Effect Labeling and Overshadowing Effects Associative Memory Illusions Irrational Animal Deductive Reasoning Inductive Reasoning References Chapter 11: Research Recommendation Introduction The Socratic Method Definition of the Socratic Dialogue Assessment Scales of the Socratic Method Empirical Support of Socratic Dialogue Socratic Dialogue Protocols Processes That Contribute to the Socratic Method’s Effectiveness Using Logic in Psychotherapy Socratic Dialogue with Modern Technologies Children’s Rationality Neuroscience Language and Linguistics Cognitive Science Cognitive Illusions Conjunction Fallacy Base Rate Neglect Probability Matching Framing Confirmation Bias Illusory Correlations (IC) Summarization References Index