India’s Economy and Society: Lateral Explorations

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Foreword: A Post-liberalization India Preface Contents Editors and Contributors Abbreviations List of Figures List of Tables 1 Introduction 1.1 Manifestation of the Economic Crisis 1.1.1 Government’s Response to the Crisis 1.2 COVID-19: Opportunities for India in the Health Industry 1.3 Structure of the Book 1.4 Unique Aspects of the Book References Part I Agriculture 2 The Crisis in Indian Agriculture: Genesis, Response and Future Prospects 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Genesis of the Crisis 2.2.1 Rising Costs and Falling Profits 2.2.2 The Non-farm Sector 2.2.3 Exogenous Shocks and Intensification of Agrarian Distress 2.3 The Response to the Crisis in Agriculture 2.4 Concluding Remarks References 3 Supply Chain Management of Food Grains in India 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Supply Chain Management in Agriculture 3.3 Food Supply Chain Networks 3.4 Key Objective of the Study 3.5 Supply Chain of Food Grains 3.6 Supply Chain of Wheat and Rice 3.7 Supply Chain Management of Rice 3.7.1 Methodology 3.7.2 Value Addition to Paddy by Farmers 3.8 Supply Chain Management in Wheat 3.8.1 Supply Chain of Wheat in India 3.8.2 Issues in Supply Chain in Wheat 3.8.3 Economic Analysis of Wheat Value Chain 3.8.4 Marketing of Wheat 3.9 Brief Summary and Conclusions References Part II Industry, Innovation and Technology 4 Regional Concentration of Industries in India: What Does the Recent Data Say and How to Understand the Implications? A Perspective 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Spatial Concentration of Manufacturing: Recent Trends 4.2.1 Registered Manufacturing: Spatial Concentration of Factories 4.2.2 Net Entry of Factories by Employment Size 4.2.3 What About the Unregistered Sector? 4.3 Roots of Regional Manufacturing Concentration 4.3.1 Recession of 1965–67 and Industrial Delicensing 4.3.2 Freight Equalization Scheme and Its Adverse Effects 4.3.3 Policy for Planned Dispersion and Unbalanced Outcomes 4.4 Factors Reinforcing Concentration 4.4.1 Public Sector Investment and Domestic Capital Formation 4.4.2 Distribution of Exports by State and Net Entry 4.5 Should We Worry About Increasing Regional Concentration? References 5 Indian Electronics Industry’s FDI-Led GVC Engagement: Theoretical and Policy Insights from a Firm-Level Analysis 5.1 Integrating into Global Value Chains 5.2 A Critique of Existing Approaches to Assessing GVC Participation 5.3 A New Methodological Approach 5.4 Nature of FDI-Driven GVC Participation: A Case Study 5.4.1 Findings from Annual Reports 5.4.2 The Indian Subsidiary’s Trade Networks 5.4.3 Analysis of Network Relations Based on Import Origin and Export Markets 5.5 Conclusion References 6 India’s Performance in Science, Technology and Innovation: The Post 2000 Scenario 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Innovation Inputs and Outputs 6.2.1 Overall Research Intensity 6.2.2 Investments in Intangibles 6.2.3 India’s Patenting Output 6.3 Support Systems for Promoting Innovation 6.3.1 Human Resource Development in Science and Engineering 6.3.2 Financing of R&D 6.3.3 Promotion of Technology-Based Start Ups 6.4 Promotion of New and Emerging Technologies 6.4.1 Generation of Green Energy 6.4.2 Diffusion of Electric Vehicles 6.4.3 Digital Economy and Industry 4.0 6.4.4 Diffusion of Automation Technologies 6.4.5 Emergence and Growth of a Cashless Economy 6.5 Conclusions References Part III Infrastructure 7 Financing Green and Brownfield Private Infrastructure in India 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Macroeconomic Performance and Infrastructure 7.2.1 The NHDP 7.2.2 Intended Large Role for PPPs 7.2.3 Response to Global Financial Crisis 7.3 Financing Publicly Owned Infrastructure 7.3.1 Implicit Assurances Can Be Exploited 7.4 Financing Privately Owned/Built Infrastructure 7.4.1 In PPPs Governments Are Always Involved 7.4.2 Endogenous Risks and PPPs Versus EPC 7.4.3 Improvement in EPCs in Possible 7.4.4 Duration of Financial Markets 7.4.5 The Concession Period 7.4.6 Covering Interest Rate (Change) Risk 7.4.7 Annuities and Tolls Linked to Cost of Capital 7.4.8 Role of BSFIs 7.4.9 Failure of Indian PSU Banks 7.5 New Models 7.5.1 Partial Coverage of Interest Rate Risk 7.6 Network Effects 7.6.1 Efficient Network Design 7.6.2 Segments Not Commercialisable 7.7 Foreign Capital in Infrastructure 7.7.1 Deviation from Uncovered Parity and Resulting Distortions 7.7.2 Pension and Sovereign Funds 7.7.3 ELG Economies 7.7.4 Government to Government Credit 7.8 Indian PSBs and DFIs 7.8.1 Reform of PSB Urgent 7.8.2 Policy Advisory Roles 7.8.3 Lack of Autonomy Results in Failure of Accountability 7.8.4 Poor Organizations for the Primary Task 7.8.5 Law and Recovery 7.9 Characteristics of Good Projects 7.9.1 Adequate Returns, Not Rents 7.9.2 Legislation and Legal Frameworks 7.9.3 MCAs 7.9.4 Beyond MCAs 7.9.5 Expert PPP Organization 7.9.6 Administrative and Civil Service Reform 7.10 Government’s Roles 7.10.1 Recognizing the Nature of Market Failure 7.10.2 Electricity 7.10.3 Municipal Water and Sewerage 7.10.4 False Comfort of Cost Plus 7.10.5 Covering Vast Price Changes in Major Inputs 7.11 Brownfield Infrastructure 7.11.1 Completing Projects 7.11.2 Operational Stage 7.11.3 Estimating Brownfield Investments 7.12 Conclusion References 8 Land for Development: Market Versus Non-market Mechanisms 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Land Transfer Mechanisms 8.2.1 Land Markets 8.2.2 Compulsory Land Acquisition 8.3 Eminent Domain and the Indian Experience 8.3.1 Actual Compensation is Less Than Market Value 8.3.2 Excessive Litigation 8.3.3 Excessive Acquisition 8.4 The Inherent Vulnerability of Eminent Domain 8.4.1 Can the Provision of Judicial Review Help? 8.5 Land Pooling Mechanism 8.5.1 International Experience 8.5.2 The Indian Experience 8.6 Concluding Remarks References Part IV International Trade 9 Looking at India’s Engineering Exports: Stuck in the Middle of the Value Chain 9.1 Introduction: Overview of India’s Engineering Goods Sector 9.2 Annual Trends in Trade in Engineering Goods 9.2.1 India’s Top Export Markets for Engineering Goods 9.3 Sectoral Revealed Comparative Advantage of the Engineering Sector of India 9.4 Disaggregated Analysis of Exports of the Engineering Sector of India Annex References Part V Health and Education 10 Towards Universal Health Coverage? Taking Stock of Two Decades of Health Reforms in India 10.1 Introduction 10.1.1 Universal Health Coverage 10.1.2 Progress Towards UHC in India: The Current Scenario 10.2 Major Trajectories of Recent Health Reforms in India 10.2.1 Privatisation of the Health Sector 10.2.2 Publicly Financed Health Insurance Schemes for Low-Income Populations 10.3 The Way Forward 10.3.1 The Experiences of Thailand and Vietnam in Health Reforms Congruent with UHC Goals 10.3.2 The Way Forward for India References 11 Changing Landscape of Professional Higher Education in India: What Do We Know and What Do Recent Data Tell Us? 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Note on Data and Methodology 11.3 Growth Trend of Professional Higher Education in India 11.4 Who All Are Accessing Professional Higher Education in India? 11.5 Barriers to Participation in Professional Higher Education: Probit Estimates 11.6 Household Spending on Professional Higher Education in India 11.7 Concluding Remarks Appendix References Part VI Labour and Employment 12 Has Labour Rigidity Slowed Down Employment Growth in Indian Manufacturing? 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Cheap Wages or Role of State? Building Comparative Advantages in Industrialization 12.3 State and Industrialization in India 12.4 Growth of Indian Manufacturing Over the Decades 12.5 Manufacturing Employment During a Phase of Fast Growth: 2004–05 to 2011–12 12.6 Growth of Manufacturing Employment After 2011–12 12.7 Labour Rigidity Argument: Losing Relevance? 12.8 Investment and Industrial Growth 12.9 Infrastructure Challenges 12.10 Banking and Credit 12.11 Trade Liberalization and Rising Import Intensity of Manufacturing 12.12 Exchange Rate Fluctuations 12.13 Industrial Policies for Regional Development 12.14 Services V/S Manufacturing 12.15 Small Firms V/S Big Firms 12.16 Foreign Investment and the ‘Make in India Initiative’ 12.17 Guiding Technological Development 12.18 Concluding Remarks References Part VII Gender 13 Sex Selection, Family Building Strategies and the Political Economy of Gender 13.1 Introduction 13.2 What Does the Era of Sex Selection Inaugurate? 13.3 Frames of Analysis 13.4 Daughter Only Families in Urban India References 14 When South Meets North: Interrogating Agency and Marital Mobility in Kerala-Haryana Marriages 14.1 Introduction 14.2 A Note on Field Site, Methodology and Data 14.3 Two Contrasting Media Narratives: Trafficking Versus Strategizing 14.4 Case Studies 14.5 Mobility, Agency and Power Geometry 14.6 Conclusion References 15 Gender and Development: Back to Basics Continued Relevance of Marcal’s Who Cooked Adam Smith’s Dinner 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Reading Who Cooked Adam Smith’s Dinner? A Story About Women and Economics 15.3 From MDGs to SDGs: Have We Moved Closer to Achieving Gender Equity? 15.4 The Telangana Social Development Report 2018: A Regional Story of Gender, Access and Well-Being 15.5 What is the Transformative Agenda that Some Feminists Seek to Reclaim and How? References 16 Women, the Planned Economy, and the Anticipation of Utopia Index