Frontier expansion in Amazonia : [selected papers presented at the 31st Latin American Conference, held Feb. 8-11, 1982, at the University of Florida]

Description

Frontier Expansion in Amazonia CONTENTS FOREWORD PREFACE INDIANS AND INDIAN POLICY PART 1 Indian Policy in Amazonian Ecuador History of Ecuador's Indian Policy Government Ministries and Agencies as Mediators of Indian Policy Ministerio de Educación y Cultura Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería (MAG) Las Fuerzas Armadas Ecuatorianas (FAE) Registro Civil Other Official Entities and Events The Native Response Conclusion References Cited Indian Policy in Eastern Peru The Mission Period (1638–1768) Post-Jesuit Military Rule (1768–1824) The Republic to the Rubber Boom (1824–85) The Rubber Boom (1885–1915) Depression to the 1968 Military Coup (1915–68) The Revolutionary Years (1968–80) Attempts at Indian Solidarity: The Shape of the Future Summary and Conclusions Notes References Cited Native Peoples of Lowland Bolivia Lowland Peoples of Bolivia Jesuit and Early Republican Periods The Rubber Boom The Revolution of 1952 and its Aftermath Tribal Indian Politics Power and Policy Notes References Cited Frontier Expansion and Indian Peoples in the Brazilian Amazon The Amazonian Frontier Official Indian Policy The Indian Statute Indian Response Conclusion Notes References Cited The Politics of Cultural Survival in Venezuela: Beyond Indigenismo Indigenismo in Venezuela Missionary Indigenismo State indigenismo New Indigenismo Prospects Notes References Cited Demystifying the Second Conquest COLONIZATION AND SPONTANEOUS SETTLEMENT PART 2 The Magnitude of Migration to the Brazilian Frontier The Rural Exodus, 1960–70 and 1970–80 The Frontier in National Perspective Official Colonization Projects Total Net Migration to Amazonia Conclusion Notes References Cited Expansion of the Agrarian and Demographic Frontier in the Peruvian Selva Population Process and Expansion of the Demographic Frontier Colonization of the Selva Alta Stages in the Migratory Process Stage One Stage Two Stage Three Land Resources: Access and Use Expansion of the Peasant Economy Summary References Cited Frontier Expansion and Retraction in Brazil Growth of Surplus Population in Brazil Migration to the Great Frontier Since 1940 Economic and Political Factors Markets Transportation Land Peasant Fronts and Alternative Social Space Speculative Fronts on the Great Frontier Present Conflict and Possible Future Trends Final Considerations References Cited Colonization in the Colombian Amazon History of Colonization in Amazonia Government Colonization Projects Strategies of Colonists Discussion Notes References Cited Colonization in Santa Cruz, Bolivia: A Comparative Study of the Yapacaní and San Julián Projects An Overview of Colonization in Santa Cruz The Yapacaní Colony The San Julián Colony Conclusions Notes References Cited Colonization and Spontaneous Settlement in the Ecuadoran Amazon The History of Human Settlements Indigenous Settlers Frontier Expansion Demographic Patterns and Recent Policies Migration and settlement Colonization Policies Case Study: the Petroleum Zone of the Nor-Oriente Directed Colonization Spontaneous Settlements Conclusions References Cited Colonization in the Transamazon and Rondônia The Transamazon project Rondônia Colonization: Have We Learned? Designing a Viable Small-farm Sector References Cited ECOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL PART 3 Ecological Heterogeneity and Horizontal Zonation of Agriculture in the Amazon Floodplain Factors of Floodplain Variability Geomorphology River Morphology Floodplain Width Hydrochemistry Geology Climate Biogeography Soils Seasonality of River Rise and Fall Várzea Sectors East-West Along the Main Amazon Channel Floodplain Agricultural Zonation The Shipibo Village of Panaillo, Río Ucayali Ecological Zonation in Other Amazon Habitats Conclusions Notes References Cited Continuous Cropping Potential in the Upper Amazon Basin Environment Current Cropping System—Shifting Cultivation Clearing Cropping and Fallow Improved Cropping Systems—Continuous Cultivation Land Clearing Continuous Cropping Soil Fertility Dynamics: The Key Factor Effects on Soil Properties Farmer Acceptance Continued and New Research Alternative Land Clearing Methods Lower-Input Systems Low-Input Legume-Grass Pastures Agroforestry Fertile, Alluvial Soils Implications Limitations Potential References Cited Cattle Ranching in Amazonia: Political and Ecological Considerations Theoretical Models of Environmental Degradation The Military Coup of 1964 and the Question of Legitimacy Internal Pressures Underlying Policy International Factors Affecting Policy Operation Amazonia National Integration Program 1970–74 The Program for Amazonian Development, 1975–79 Conversion of Forest to Pasture: Development or Destruction Results of Conversion Studies Effect on Soil pH Soil Calcium and Magnesium Soil Potassium Phosphorous Levels in Soil Soil Nitrogen Organic Carbon in Soil Summary of Soil Findings Other Factors Affecting Pasture Productivity Conclusions: Accumulation and Environmental Decay References Cited STATE AND PRIVATE CAPITAL PART 4 National Expansion and Development Policies in the Colombian Amazon Colombia: National Expansion as Growing Dependency The Expansion of Capital on the Frontier The Indian State Policy in the Colombian Amazon Summary References Cited Strategies of Private Capital in the Brazilian Amazon History of the AEA Forms of Representation Strategies and Consequences The Nature of Investments Peasant Differentiation and Forms of Representation Strategies of the Large Enterprise Notes References Cited Law and Social Change: The Problem of Land in the Brazilian Amazon The Ascent of the Latifundio: 1616–1824 Small Farmers Versus the Capitalist Firm: 1824 to the Present Imperial Law 601: 1850 to 1889 State Dominance in the Administration of Land Tenure: 1889–1970 The Federal Takeover: 1970 to the Present The Law and Social Advocacy References Cited The State and the Militarization of the Agrarian Question in Brazil Consequences of an Ambitious Agrarian Policy A Particularly Critical Period Destruction of the Institutional Basis for Agrarian Reform The Change in Land Policy Notes References Cited CONTRIBUTORS INDEX A B C D E F G H I J L M O P R S T V