Conflict, Security and Development: An Introduction

Description

This textbook draws on academic theory, field research and policy developments to provide an overview of the connections between security and development, before, during and after conflict. This third edition is revised and updated to take account of changes that have occurred in both policy and academic arenas which are relevant to students and practitioners in this area. In addition, there is a new chapter on memory and memorialisation after conflict. In an interdependent world, it is often argued that the challenges of underdevelopment and insecurity have global implications. This textbook charts an accessible course through these complex debates, providing a comprehensive introduction for those encountering these issues for the first time. The main aims of the revised edition are: to set out how thinking on conflict, security and development has changed over time and continues to evolve; to explore the consequences of these changes, particularly for the theory and practice of development and security promotion; to introduce a range of case studies from across the globe, in order to explore the implications of a combined approach to security and development. The authors are experienced in both the theory and the practice of this field, and illustrate the links between conflict, security and development with practical examples, drawing on key case studies from the past twenty years. Each chapter is informed by student pedagogy, and the book will be essential reading for all students of development studies, war and conflict studies, and human security, and is recommended for students of international security and international relations in general. Cover Half Title Praise for earlier editions Title Page Copyright Page Table of contents List of Tables List of Boxes Preface to the third edition Acknowledgements Introduction Development and security Outline of the book How the chapters are organised 1 Are security and development mutually reinforcing? Whose security are we talking about? Fragile states WDR 2011 Development and security: Inextricably entwined? How has the relationship developed? Is Africa different? Continuity, history and globalisation Fragile states and the New Deal Aims of development and the liberal state What is a liberal peace? Does adding security to development just provide an armed wing of the liberal state? The dangers of transferring models Security and development after the MDGs Summary points Discussion questions Further reading 2 What does conflict look like in the developing world? Are ‘new wars’ really new? Mixed pictures and alternative funding Targeting civilians is not new in wars The logic of extreme violence The importance of empirical evidence So what does the new wars thesis tell us? How do we measure wars? Formal databases and measurement Issues with formal measurement and civilian casualties Calculating battle deaths How many wars? Zones of conflict The continuing importance of the state Conflict actors Warlords and insurgent leaders Child soldiers and youth in violence War economies Ungoverned spaces and security threats Summary points Discussion questions Note Further reading 3 How do people analyse conflict? Greed and grievance How does the model work? Common criticisms Resource wars and environmental explanations Environmental conflict theory ‘New barbarism’ and ‘tribalism’ Underemployment and identity Ethnicity Ethnicity and conflict in Rwanda Structural and political violence Samuel Huntington and structural violence Summary points Discussion questions Further reading 4 Refugees and internal displacement Terminology: Differences between refugees and IDPs What are the causes of refugee flows and displacement? How many refugees and IDPs are there, and where are they? How have states and other agencies dealt with refugees? Refugees and the stateless Institutionalising protection The use of refugee and IDP camps Urban refugees Solutions to displacement Displacement and security Threats to security of displaced people Denial of rights to work/move Threats to the home state Threats to the host state Implications of displacement for development Summary points Discussion questions Notes Further reading 5 Conflict and the role of development actors Conflict stages and responses What is development? Is development becoming securitised? Types of aid Humanitarian aid Development aid Developments in humanitarian aid Dunantist and Wilsonian humanitarian agencies Professionalisation of the humanitarian sector Humanitarian actors and conflict dynamics Resource transfers Implicit ethical messages Do no harm Humanitarianism, development and furthering the ‘liberal peace’ International donors and co-ordination Relationship and differences between donors and NGOs Rising powers and remittances: Do traditional donors still matter? Summary points Discussion questions Further reading 6 International intervention and peacekeeping Preventing and de-escalating conflict The development of peacekeeping How has peacekeeping changed, and why does it matter? Improving UN peacekeeping Regional security and management of peacekeeping Unintended consequences of peacekeeping Peacekeeping, security and development Summary points Discussion questions Further reading 7 Post-war economic development Dynamics of post-conflict economies Managing construction booms Managing commodity booms Taxation Local actors and economic recovery Macroeconomic policy and sequencing The critical role of the state Peacebuilding and economic recovery From economic growth to socio-economic recovery Transforming war economies Employment generation and livelihoods Summary points Discussion questions Further reading 8 Privatisation of security What are PMCs and PSCs? Where do they come from? The historical development of private security The development of post-Cold War military companies What do people use mercenaries for? Could PMCs contribute to peacekeeping? Benefits of private security forces What are the downsides to privatising security? Accountability and oversight International intervention and private companies: The case of AFRICOM Other international actors Oil, China and terrorism Are PMCs a blessing or a curse – or both? Summary points Discussion questions Further reading 9 Security after conflict When do conflicts become post? What is special about the post-conflict context? The social environment The importance of gender The economic environment The security environment Post-conflict security Disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration Badly done DDR and gender Issues in DDR Security sector reform Core principles and associated challenges of implementing SSR SSR and the ‘liberal peace’ Interim stabilisation measures (ISMs) Summary points Discussion questions Further reading 10 Justice after conflict Rule of law The nature of transitional justice What constitutes a ‘war crime’ or a ‘violation of human rights’? The definition of genocide Approaches to transitional justice The International Criminal Court Prosecutions and tribunals Truth commissions Reparations Institutional reform Advantages and disadvantages of transitional justice Legal pluralism Who provides customary justice? Advantages of customary systems Disadvantages of customary systems Multi-layered approaches Summary points Discussion questions Notes Further reading 11 Truth, memory and peacebuilding Truth commissions Truth and peacebuilding Memory Further considerations about truth, memory and their relation to peace Summary points Discussion questions Further reading 12 Conclusion: Future issues in the pursuit of security and development International responses to conflict Characteristics of violent environments Key challenges for analysis The role of the international community Humanitarian aid, refugees and development actors The problem of refugee camps Humanitarian actors and politics International donors and co-ordination Relationship and differences between donors and NGOs Peacekeeping and privatisation Privatising violence Justice and security in post-conflict environments Notes Glossary and abbreviations Bibliography Index